Chronological Study of Chronic Diseases and Their Impact-A Brief Review

Abstract

The following study enlightens the aspect of diseases that have effected and wreaked havoc number of times upon the world during ancient and medieval period are tending to reemerge into the present world and not only limited to this but also convergence of their study towards transformation of the microorganism. Historical diseases such Yaws, Pinta, Leprosy, and Tuberculosis that still exist and pose a threat of reemergence with infectious capacity of greater magnitude and also the existence of ancient treatment that used to and still have the capacity of curing these diseases. This article also compares the degree of effect the ancient diseases had when compared to similar types of infectious diseases ravaging today in the clinical studies.

Keywords

Yaws, Pinta, Leprosy, Tuberculosis

Introduction

Many ancient diseases even today remains an cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide upon which a wider range of operations were performed and even allowed experimental treatments in certain circumstances wounds are common occurrence, with a rate of one per day it is not uncommon to see contaminated wounds because of lack of hygiene and the practice of covering wounds with mud [1-3]. A novel strain of influenza A [H1N1] virus, presently known as influenza A [H1N1] pdm09 virus, was first identified in Mexico and the United States in April 2009. The evolutionary significance of the geometric increased in prevalence of a specific disease, a form of inflammatory arthritis referred to as spondyloarthropathy suggests either as yet undetermined organismal benefit or an increase in environmental contamination paired motor coordination and irritability and aggression with neurodegenerative diseases intended not only for patients but predominantly for healthy individuals, its aim being to determine whether the risk of development of disease is increased or not [4-9].

Medieval

Tuberculosis, one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, caused by the etiologic agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was first isolated by Robert Koch in 1882The spread of drug resistant tuberculosis is increasing its treatment is costly and lengthy a new rapid methods of detecting drug resistance (e.g. PCR), are helpful but too costly to be used in developing countries and also diseases like yaws – caused by Treponema pallidum pertenue and pinta caused by Treponema pallidum carateum are non-venereal treponemal diseases much of the prior century was spent applying the latest emerging technologies toward managing the effects of these diseases in pregnancy, childbirth, and infant development [10-17]. The search for new antibiotics must accelerate to avoid returning to the ‘pre-antibiotic’ era ancient remedies, including essential oils and their components, have been explored on a limited basis as a source of new antimicrobials many are known to possess significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. The discovery of the tubercle bacillus on March 24^th 1882, by Robert Koch, led to an unprecedented increase in international research efforts, ultimately resulting in the development of a vaccine and many potent antimicrobial agents and treatment regimens [18].

Probiotics are viable microbial species, which are ingested for the purpose of altering the gastrointestinal flora in a manner, which conferred health benefits during the optimal time of the black death, in the fourteenth century, around 75 million people globally perished, mainly through lymphadenitis infection with M. tuberculosis can cause two types of diseases - symptomatic active TB infection (replicating bacteria) or asymptomatic latent TB infection (LBTI, non-replicating bacteria). The main reason to see the contrary evidences may result from the time point to trace the cell lineage. Expression of the fluorescent marker at a later time point will cause loss of some subpopulation of epithelial cells which may undergo EMT [19,20]. As a result, many infectious diseases have become difficult to treat; in some cases, no treatment options exist. Yet, little is known about the interaction of BCG with human monocytes also in preclinical studies, IFNγ seems to be required but not sufficient for protection, and the magnitude of the immune response correlates with the degree of protection. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the common name given to a family of vaccines against human tuberculosis [21-24]. Ancient medicine such as ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) is a popular Indian medicinal plant several recent studies have provided evidence for its anti-stress, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, cardioprotective adaptogenic, anti-spasmodic, immunomodulatory and immunostimulant activity, multiple approaches will need to be implemented simultaneously, combining the efforts of government, academic and industrial entities [25-27].

Many of the diseases which cause problems in today’s society afflicted Egyptian populations these include tuberculosis, malaria and schistosomiasis the health implications as a system and not as a compartment by compartment analysis is becoming a must in relation to other bacterial diseases leprosy is unusual in terms of the time taken for the infection to become apparent [28,29]. The causative agent, M. leprae multiplies very slowly and the incubation period of the disease is about five years; moreover, symptoms can take as long as twenty years to appear it is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly infects skin macrophages and Schwann cells in peripheral nerves. Created in 1921 by the in vitro attenuation of a virulent Mycobacterium bovis in France, genetic and environmental factors play an important role for bacterial occurrence in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in epidemiology of human infectious diseases [30-32]. The predominant accumulation of aggregated proteins is observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, treated by verapamil, verapamils R-isomer, and norverapamil (a metabolite of verapamil) help inhibit this macrophage-induced drug tolerance to RIF, rifabutin, and INH [33-36].

The major forms of disease are predominantly paranasal sinus, allergic bronco-pulmonary or pulmonary infections but cardiac, orthopedic, and ophthalmic infectious diseases spreading through air are commonly known as air borne diseases and some of the air borne ancient diseases includes anthrax, influenza, measles, smallpox and tuberculosis [37-40]. A viable syphilis control option became available in the 20th century with the discovery of penicillin Rhinovirus infections have afflicted humanity since the dawn of civilization, and helpful to treat diseases that were difficult to treat even with medicine In Trinidad where there was a two-tier system of health care, a public health care system in which all services are delivered by the state and are cost free to clients. The first accurate description of syphilis was provided by the Venetian military surgeon Marcello Cumano, who had taken his troops to the battle of Fornovo and fought alongside the armies of Charles VIII of France and the League of Venice one must also consider that there is still much to learn about the pathogenicity and enzoonotic transmission cycles connected to the natural occurrence of this disease [41,42]. The therapeutic technology required for plant extraction and mixture preparation was another hurdle in establishing an adequate supply prior to the early 80’s where surgeons were able to offer patients one of two definitive surgical therapies for the management of their erectile dysfunction such as implantation of penile prosthesis and penile revascularization the aetiological agent of ChD is T. cruzi - a haemoflagellated protozoan of the Kinetoplastida order and Trypanosomatidae family This discovery can be incorporated into an alternate narrative to the one conventionally associated with the epidemiology of tuberculosis [43-45].

Modern

Asthma is a recognized multifactorial disease, resulting from the interaction between genetics and environment. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant and rising global health problem in physical therapy, the impact of co-existing diseases other than the primary disease the patients are treated for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects approximately 12.1 million Americans and is the fourth leading cause of preventable death for both men and women, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases dysfunction of the muscles of ambulation contributes to exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [46,47]. Lysophospholipids have been known as vital components in the organization of membrane structure In addition to these systemic regulatory mechanisms, the unique lung environment must provide detoxification from metal-induced oxidative stress and pathogenic infections in Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and the more severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) which together constitute the leading cause of death in critical care patients, although it has been demonstrated that GER causes severe recurrent wheeze in infancy and early childhood, there are limited data on the prevalence of GER among whereas in younger children, especially infants Oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI can also have hemodynamic consequences [48-54].

Most studies have shown decreased CO while a few reported no significant change the pulmonary development is extremely complex and highly ordered, a process involving several cell types, which are involved in different phases of development in the mature lung, the proximal airway to distal alveolar surfaces of the lung are lined by a continuum of highly differentiated epithelial cell types [55]. Key signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved and are required for the development of respiratory systems Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has certainly long existed, but first reports that may be traced to this disease only dates from the seventeenth century [56,57]. Chronic lung disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the most common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasian population, for which CD4+CD25hi+ regulatory T cells was a minor fraction (approximately 10%) of CD4+ T cells that play a critical role in the maintenance of self-tolerance during allergy which is a medical problems of growing importance where high prevalence inevitably carries out also a relevant economic burden [58-63].

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common condition that affects the quality of life for millions of sufferers. This ocular process is associated with IgE-mediated conjunctival inflammation there is a growing body of literature which suggests that food sensitivity identified by a combination of skin prick tests and atopy patch testing human lactoferrin (hLF) which is known to be a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family [64-69]. It is a glycoprotein of approximately 80KDa and is present in various human secretory fluids, determination of the prevalence of food-related anaphylaxis is hindered by definitions of diagnosis, acquisition of cases through various methodologies, adverse reactions to food have been a medical concern since the time of Hippocrates, who described individuals who had adverse reactions because of progressively earlier presentations of food allergy implicate early environmental influences, there is intense interest in the prenatal factors inducing tolerogenic immune responses applied to the variables such as age, sex, symptoms during OIT, initial dose when starting OIT, specific IgE level in respiratory allergy which is a common allergy among all populations throughout the world [70-72].

Reviewing epidemiological data available all over the world, one could perceive the importance of this issue in most cases with drug allergy, the management is usually based on medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids and avoidance of the component hereditary angioedema is an autosomal dominant disease usually associated with a positive family history of angioedema. In recent years, much attention has been focused on the TIM gene family on chromosome 5, 5q 23-25, and its significance in playing an important role in atopic diseases the time of step-down could be an opportunity to change the frequency of asthma controller administration or to simplify the regimen, unlike all other segments of the gastrointestinal tract, the esophagus is normally devoid of eosinophils, so the finding of esophageal eosinophilia denotes pathology [73-79]. Studies have shown the degree of esophageal inflammation does not directly correlate to patient symptoms of specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is regarded as the only treatment that is able to treat the underlying cause of the allergic disease in long-term efficacy and a disease modifying effect after a three year all year round course of treatment has been proven test with CM allergens showed an accelerated lymphomonocytic response with a great number of lymphocites already at the second hour after the test of bronchial thermoplasty that involves delivery of tightly controlled, therapeutic radiofrequency electrical energy to the airway wall by a special catheter electrode [80,81].

Mast cells and basophils are granulated cells, which share similar phenotypic and functional properties they express complementary and partially overlapping roles in acquired and innate immunity, in a study of 48 deaths from food allergens between 1999 and 2006, 18 people had died after consuming catered food Lenalidomide is a 4-amino-glutamyl analogue of thalidomide and belongs to a class of novel immunomodulatory drugs to allow hypersensitivity symptoms to resolve before performing desensitization [82-87]. These protocols require a drug washout period during which time patients are at risk for stent thrombosis while clopidogrel is withheld by filaggrin which is a structural protein that aggregate keratin filament and form cornified envelope which strengthen corneocytes, It is adsorbed on phosphate-containing protein components of the bacterial cell wall and by penetrating and breaking the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane exhaustive retrospective study was greatly facilitated by the requirement to be met by Allopurinol (4-hidroxipirazolol piramidine) is the first line therapy employed to treat hyperuricemia, measurements which determined emissions of laser printers and photocopiers have shown that fine and ultrafine particle administration of a topical steroid through the skin could have some effects due to direct distribution of the drug to the tracheal surface [88-90].

To date, and since the 1970s, non-specific multi-allergen sublingual/ swallow immunotherapy (NS-SLIT) in Brazil has represented a cheap alternative approach for treating allergic diseases the treatment of allergic diseases is based on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy for symptom relief, and allergen-specific immunotherapy, the magnitude of benefit of maintenance over intermittent ICS was clinically more important on asthma control study showed that early postnatal exposure of mice to side-steam tobacco smoke (SS), a surrogate to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inflammatory airway disease which is characterized by eosinophils and mast cells infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia and airway hyperreactivity pathognomonic symptoms of asthma are wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, which may be productive of phlegm correlate vascular mediators with airway hyper-responsiveness and airway permeability [91-96]. P. aeruginosa is a common normal flora of the human body and a common pathogen of chronic infection of respiratory tract presented with various clinical events ranging from anaphylaxis to digestive disorders through thrive failure. Allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is currently considered the best long term approach to manage environmental allergies has a hermeneutic phenomenological approach a wide range of inflammatory reaction patterns have been described and these are most frequently associated with the use of red ink Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which is a member of the family P. aramyxoviridae, subfamily P. neumovirinae, which is the most common worldwide cause of epidemic respiratory diseases vascular remodeling in particular is that the airway becomes hyper-reactive [97-100].

They may also exist in city reservoirs and persist after water treatment and as the cysts are reluctant to traditional water treatment methods and timing of upcoming influenza epidemic could greatly assist in early preparations and developing mitigation strategies. Early detection of venous system perforation and immediate treatment are of crucial importance these cumulative data support the use of metronidazole and derivatives in the treatment of periodontal disease provided that the IGRAs have considerable utility for Mtb infection control in medical facilities [90-95]. Susceptibility to the following antimicrobial drugs was determined according to the product documents for Staphylococcus species for which radical surgery to clean the area with open treatment, with histological findings of fibrosis, hair glands, and rare macrophages deriving aggressive surgical treatment combined with broad-spectrum antibiotic and intensive medical care of those treated with levofloxacin, amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav were generally protected with survival of 97%, 95% and 79%, respectively for those who were not under treatment at the time of sample collection. Although it is not indicated if the measured cortisol levels were of free cortisol or bound cortisol showing health implications of hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine [93-97].

The pH1N1 and H3N2 circulating, remains with high levels of resistance to adamantine and rimantadine but all circulating virus are susceptible to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir vasoactive ones and of those irritating the vein wall, parenteral nutrition, large volume replacement, hemodialysis, and hemodynamic monitoring. Standard regimen of oral metronidazole would yield an effective local concentration of metronidazole against E. gingivalis cells in periodontal lesions widely used for indirect detection of Mtb infection, but TST use was limited by the high false-positive rate caused by bacilli Calmette-Guerin Susceptibility to clindamycin and gentamicin was not significantly different between the two halves of the study period [101-105]. All CA-MRSA isolates were sensitive to rifampicin and vancomycin. Although it is considered a rare entity, misdiagnosis is not acceptable due to its fatal outcome. Close physical examination with a thorough medical history may set the alarm for events of the last decade have highlighted the possibility for Bacillus anthracisto be used as a biological weapon through deliberate release. Whilst outbreaks of anthrax occur in several countries with high mortality and costs associated with postsurgical CDI indicate the necessity of prompt identification of high risk patients so that rapid diagnosis and timely treatment being applied.

Awareness of the risk factors for PJI can help prevent them by means of implementing the measures that affect them. It is well established that increasing the duration of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis fails to reduce the rate of infection such as use of ciprofloxacin gentamycin and tobramycin are effective topical antibiotics that are used in the treatment of cutaneous pseudomonas infections prophylaxis, empirical treatment and treatment of a probable or proven fungal infection [106-111]. Whether or not prophylaxis is used in a certain center depends on many factors such as local epidemiology, the possibility for isolation in hepa filtered activation marker sP-selectin, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and neutrophil accumulation and revealing that CCN1 levels increase during these early stages of tissue injury characterized by inflammatory activation and treatment with circular fixators and bone transport, the achievement of the goals set close to 99% with treatment times vary based on the amount of the osteo-cutaneous loss for the effect of injections which are harmful, any scarification or exchange of blood can lead to transfer of infection [112-115].

Multi-therapy consisting of the mixture of five first-line drugs INH, RIF, Ethambutol (EMB), Streptomycin (STR) and/or Pyrazinamide (PYR), a treatment lasting up to 6–8 months nonspecific or the first symptoms often result from expansion or rupture of an aneurysmdiagnosing tuberculosis infection requires between 2-6 weeks for the bacilli to grow in culture, vancomycin can be used to treat MRSA infections. Clindamycin resistance represented 17% for IP-MRSA, OP-MRSA, 58% and CCMRSA, 63% Patient perceptions of influenza vaccine formulations and delivery systems available might influence their decision to receive the seasonal flu vaccine, thereby impacting vaccination rates. Restrictions of broad spectrum antibiotics and strict policy of surgical chemoprophylaxis, may contribute to further reduction of this infectious disease. A prolonged prophylaxis with antibiotics has been shown to be a risk factor for selecting resistant bacterial floratopical antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of skin infections [116-120].

Polymyxin B, bacitracin, silver sulfadiazine, prophylaxis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis have been published recently and although this has been an important achievementCysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) is a multifunctional matrix cellular protein that has recently emerged as a potential player in injury-repair mechanisms involving the regulation of inflammatory responses practicing by give hard and dry food during Diarrhea episodes when an bone infection presents itself, treatment choice becomes for some really difficult and complicated injections became essential medical treatment being coadjuvants in the treatments currently prescribed methods. The present review covers the literature published concerning secondary metabolites refers to infectious or noninfectious conditions in which there is abnormal inflammation of the aortic wall [121-123]. Septic shock due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is probably an iceberg phenomenon in that a large number of cases go undetected. The most frequent MDR was resistance to fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and clindamycin. Improving influenza vaccination rates continues to be a challenge faced by healthcare providers every flu season effecting agranulocytosis or acute neutropenia that is characterized by a profound decrease or an absolute lack of circulating granulocytes, classically resulting in a neutrophil count for retrospective analyses of clinical, microbiological and demographic features of outpatients and inpatients [124-126].

Conclusion

We have seen through the perspective of this study that their tend to exists few ancient diseases that are reemerging such as Respiratory syncytial virus, penile prosthesis, paranasal infections, leprosy, yaws, pinta, venereal treponemal diseases, malaria, schistosomiasis and Tuberculosis and also the existence and effective use of ancient therapeutics such as cardioprotective and adaptogenic medicens such as ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for tuberculosis and also their degree comparision with respective to the deaths caused in comparission with anthrax, influenza, measles and smallpox.

References

1. Sandle T. Exhuming Skeletal Remains: How Cholera Deaths of the Past Could Shine a Blue-Light of Hope. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2015; 3:e121.
2. Ali A, Johna SD. Crime and Punishment in Ancient Surgery: An Examination of Assyrian and Egyptian Physicians. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2015; 3:119.
3. Trad MA. Perspectives on Delivering Healthcare in the Nuba Mountains-Sudan: A Personal Experience. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2015; 3:120.
4. Ånestad G, Vainio K, Hungnes O. Does Virus Interference Account for the Multiple Epidemic Waves that are Characteristic of the 1918 Spanish Influenza and other Influenza Pandemics? . J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2015; 3:121.
5. Rothschild B, Hao-Wen T, Tao D, Xiaoting Z. Arthritis through Geologic Time and its Environmental Implications. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:101.
6. Gu H. Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e101.
7. Konstantinidis TG, Parasidis TA. Immune Biomarkers in Predictive and Personalized Medicine. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e102.
8. Ahmed M, Aissat S, Djebli N, Meslem A, Berrani A. Bees and Honey against Tuberculosis? J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e103.
9. Rapose A. Yaws and Pinta - The Pain is Gone but the Memories Remain. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:102.
10. Dietert RR. Natural Childbirth and Breastfeeding as Preventive Measures of Immune-Microbiome Dysbiosis and Misregulated Inflammation. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:103.
11. Jung YG. Capital-Skill Complementarity and Jobless Recovery. J Stock Forex Trad 2013; 2:104.
12. Boire NA, Riedel S, Parrish NM. Essential Oils and Future Antibiotics: New Weapons against Emerging ‘Superbugs’? J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:105.
13. Boire NA, Riedel VAA, Parrish NM, Riedel S. Tuberculosis: From an Untreatable Disease in Antiquity to an Untreatable Disease in Modern Times? J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1: 106.
14. Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Gregory PJ, Malesker MA. Probiotics: History and Evolution. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:107.
15. Sandle T. Could the ‘Black Death’ Become a Re-Emerging Infectious Disease? J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1: e104.
16. Hernick M. Targeting Mycothiol Biosynthesis and Mycothiol- Dependent Detoxification for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e105.
17. Yang J. The Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Focusing on Epithelial Cells. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e106.
18. Antas PRZ. The Fiocruz Latest Contribution for Understanding Human Tuberculosis Vaccine Development and its Pathogenesis. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e107.
19. Samadi AK. Ashwagandha: Ancient Medicine for Modern Times. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e108.
20. Pham T, Nguyen T, Nguyen L. Targeting Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e109.
21. Sandle T. Pharaohs and Mummies: Diseases of Ancient Egypt and Modern Approaches. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e110.
22. Abbas F. Genomics from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e111.
23. Sandle T. Global Strategies for Elimination of Leprosy: A Review of Current Progress. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 1:e112.
24. Antas PRZ. Novel Recombinant BCG Vaccines: Do the Ordinary Platforms Matter? J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2013; 2:108.
25. Tonelli-Nardi SM, Graça CR, Paschoal VD. Update on Genetics of Leprosy. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:109.
26. Hassan MI, Al-Sawaf BM, Fouda MA, Al-Hosry S, Hammad KM. A Recent Evaluation of the Sandfly, Phlepotomus Papatasi Midgut Symbiotic Bacteria Effect on the Survivorship of Leshmania Major. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:110.
27. Samadi AK. Targeted Activation of Heat Shock Proteins by Natural Bioactive Compounds to Prevent Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:e113.
28. Simpson CN, Hernick M. Antituberculosis Agents on the Horizon. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:e114
29. Ventolini G. Aspergillus and Vaginal Colonization. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:e115.
30. Earla P. Ancient Diseases-Microbial Impact. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:R1-001
31. Karem KL, Pillay A. On the Origin of Syphilis and Contemporary Views of Disease Dynamics. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:118.
32. Kinker B, Comstock AT, Sajjan US. Quercetin: A Promising Treatment for the Common Cold. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:111.
33. Mungrue K. Tuberculosis in Trinidad a Small Developing Country: Will we Reach the Millennium Development Goal 8 (MDG8) as we Countdown to 2015?. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:112
34. Tognotti E. Prevention Strategies and Changes in Sexual Mores in Response to the Outbreak of Syphilis in Europe in the Early Modern Age. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:113.
35. Boire NA, Riedel VAA, Parrish NM, Riedel S. Learned from Historic Plague Epidemics: The Relevance of an Ancient Disease in Modern Times. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:114.
36. Parikh R, Jeganathan N. A Short Review: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Lung Cancer. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:115.
37. Cohen SD. Update on Short-Acting vs. Long-Acting PDE5i + Life-Style Changes vs. PDE5i. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:116.
38. Mandal S. Epidemiological Aspects of Chagas Disease - a Review. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:117.
39. Sandle T. The Possible Origins of Tuberculosis in South America. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 2014; 2:e116.
40. Valadares MA, Santos IN, Melo EV, da Silva ÂM, Archanjo PT, et al. Spirometry with FEV0.75 Increases the Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Disorder in Children of Asthmatic Mothers. J Aller Ther 2013; S2:006.
41. Toraldo DM, Nuccio FD, Scoditti E. Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: May Diet Play a Therapeutic Role? J Aller Ther 2013; S2:005.
42. Beekman E, Mesters I, de Rooij M, de Vries N, Werkman M, et al. Therapeutic Consequences for Physical Therapy of Comorbidity Highly Prevalent in COPD: A Multi-case Study. J Aller Ther 2013; S2:004.
43. Kumar S, Matreja PS, Gupta AK, Singh A Garg P. To Assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of Caregivers and Patients Suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). J Aller Ther 2012; S2:003.
44. Sekhri V, Aronow WS, Chandy D. EManagement of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Aller Ther 2011; S2:002.
45. Budoff MJ, Mao S, Rambod M, Oudiz RJ, Casaburi R. Effect of Testosterone and Resistance Training on Cardiac Mass and Contractility in Men with COPD. J Aller Ther 2011; S2:001.
46. Zhao Y, Fu P, Zhao J, Mialki RK, Wei J, et al. Sepsis by using Cecal Ligation and Single Puncture Causes Alveolar Space Enlargement in LPA2 Knockout Mice. J Aller Ther 2012; S4:005
47. Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. The Role of Iron Metabolism in Lung Inflammation and Injury. J Aller Ther 2012; S4:004
48. Singleton PA, Lennon FE. Acute Lung Injury Regulation by Hyaluronan. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:003
49. Isozaki A, Shoda T, Tanaka A, Sugai K, Nakamura Y, et al. Prevalence of astroesophageal Reflux of Wheezers in Infancy and Early Childhood. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:002.
50. Mitchell JR. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Direct Ventricular Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation in an Oleic Acid Induced Acute Lung Injury Model: A Review. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:001.
51. De Paula Vieira R. Pulmonary Developmental Biology. J Aller Ther 2011; S7:e001.
52. Glasser SW, Baatz JE, Korfhagen TR. Surfactant Protein-C in the Maintenance of Lung Integrity and Function. J Aller Ther 2011; S7:001.
53. Lollies A, Krsmanovic T, Jussen LCA, Behr M. Wurst-Mediated Airway Clearance is Required for Postembryonic Development. J Aller Ther 2012; S7:002.
54. Alexandre BM,Penque D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Proteomics: A Match for Success? J Aller Ther 2012; S7:003.
55. Simões T, Charro N, Alexandre BM, Penque D. Proteomics in Detection and Monitoring Chronic Lung Diseases: The Human Nasal Epithelium as a Molecular Model. J Aller Ther 2012; S7:004.
56. Tsai YG, Lin CY. Mechanism of Regulatory T Cells During Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: from the Past to Future. J Aller Ther 2011; S6:001.
57. Incorvaia C, Berto P, Ariano R, Elia R, Frati F. Cost-Effectiveness of Allergen Immunotherapy. J Aller Ther 2012; S7:006.
58. Yazid S, Leonardi A, Calder V, Flower R. Identification of the 37kda Annexin-A1 Protein in Tears of Normal Subjects and Association of its 33kda Inactive Form with Active Vernal Kerato Conjunctivitis Patients. J Aller Ther 2012; S7:007.
59. Prematta T, Kunselman A, Ghaffari G. Comparison of Food and Aeroallergen Sensitivity between Adults and Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Aller Ther 2011; S3:001.
60. Zhou C, Sun N, Wang J, Lu J, Tian J, et al. Allergenicity Assessment of a Genetically Modified Protein-Recombinant Human Lactoferrin. J Aller Ther 2013; S3:002.
61. Yalcin AD, Hüseyin Polat H. Adults Food Allergies in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. J Aller Ther 2013; S3:003.
62. Olivier CE. Food Allergy. J Aller Ther 2013; S3:004.
63. Luengo O, Song Y, Srivastava K, Li XM. The Potential of Maternal Dietary Modification for Prevention of Food Allergy. J Aller Ther 2013; S3:005.
64. Sudo K, Taniuchi S, Takahashi M, Soejima K, Hatano Y, et al. Key for Successful Home-Based Slow Oral Immunotherapy in Children with Egg Allergy: Age and Sensitivity. J Allergy Ther 2013; S3:009.
65. Mahram M, Barikani A, Nejatian N. The Frequency of Common Allergens in Allergic Rhinitis among the Patients Referred to the Allergy Clinic of Qods Hospital in Qazvin during 2007-2010. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:130.
66. Tayeb MMS. Allergy to Montelukast Sodium Treated Effectively by Protracted Oral Desensitization: First Case Report. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:129.
67. Genel S, Lucia S, Emanuela F, Daniel S, Gabriel S. Angioedema Associated with Urticaria can be a Silent Killer. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:128.
68. Chou V, Karagic M, Gomez S, Moqattash L, Silverberg NB, et al. Prevalence of Atopic Disorders in Inner-City Asian Americans and the Predictive Value of Family History. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:127.
69. Price D, Chisholm A, Hillyer EV, Burden A, von Ziegenweidt J, et al. Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy Step-Down and Dosing Regimen on Measures of Asthma Control. J Aller Ther 2013; 4: 126.
70. Molina-Infante J, Zamorano J, Rivas MD, Fernandez-Bermejo M. Proton Pump Inhibitors Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Aller Ther 2011; S8:002.
71. Le-Carlson M, Quiros JA. Eosinophilic Eosphagitis in Children: Updates in Diagnosis and Management. J Aller Ther 2011; S8:001.
72. Reiber R, Wolf H, Schnitker J, WÃstenberg E. Intra-Seasonal Short-Time Up-Dosing with SQ-Standardised Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Patients with Intermittent Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis is Well Tolerated during Routine Application: A Non-Interventional, Observational Study. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:137.
73. Cantani A. The First World Diagnosis of Allergy. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:136.
74. Asija A, DeLorenzo L, Aronow WS. Bronchial Thermoplasty in Severe Asthma. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:e107
75. Crivellato E, Ribatti D. Cooperation of Mast Cells and Basophils in Allergy. J Allergy Ther 4:135.
76. Common LAR, Corrigan CJ, Smith H, Bailey S, Harris S, et al. (2013) How Safe is your Curry? Food Allergy Awareness of Restaurant Staff. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:140.
77. Kronschläger C, Erdmann M, Wolf A, Kellermann C, Heinzerling LM. Erythema Multiforme-Like Skin Reaction Induced by Lenalidomide. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:145
78. El-Qutob D, Mencia G, Bosch MJ. Induction of Tolerance to Clopidogrel in a Patient with Ischemic Cardiopathy. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:144.
79. Sirikudta W, Kulthanan K, Varothai S, Nuchkull P. Moisturizers for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:143.
80. Calogiuri GF, Di Leo E, Trautmann A, Nettis E, Ferrannini A, et al. Chlorhexidine Hypersensitivity: A Critical and Updated Review. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:141.
81. Loddé B, Roguedas-Contios AM, Pougnet R, Paris P, Jegaden D, et al. Prevalence of Occupational Contact Dermatitis to Mercaptobenzothiazole in a Population of Seamen and Prognosis after 3-Year Evaluation. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:139.
82. Gomes R, Ribeiro F, Faria E, Loureiro C, Segorbe-Luís A. Desensitization to Allopurinol in Localized and Systemic Hypersensitivity Reactions. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:138.
83. D'Alessandro A, Waldburg N, Boeckelmann I, Schreiber J. Coughing from Copiers? Workplace Induced Chronic Cough after Exposure to Laser Printer Exhaust. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:154
84. Kamimura M, Mouri A, Takayama K, Mizutani T, Hamamoto Y, et al. Transdermal Application of Steroid to Cervical Trachea for the Cough in Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Cough Variant Asthma-A Pilot Study. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:152.
85. Olivier CE, dos Santos Lima RP, Argentão DGP, da Silva MD, dos Santos RAPG, et al. Group-specific Multi-allergen Sublingual/Swallow Immunotherapy Improves the Quality of Life of Polysensitized Children and Adults with Allergic Rhinitis. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:148.
86. Gronke C, Wolf H, Schnitker J, WÃstenberg E. Treatment with the SQ-Standardised Grass Allergy Immunotherapy Tablet is well Tolerated in Children, Adolescents and Adults in Real Life Application-A Non-Interventional Observational Study. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:146.
87. Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Should we Substitute Intermittent for Maintenance Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients with Persistent Asthma? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:155.
88. Wu ZX, Hunter DD, Batchelor TP, Dey RD. Exposure to Sidestream Tobacco Smoke Induces Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in Early Postnatal Mice. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:153.
89. Li HJ, Liu F, Lu DG, Song YH, Wang C, et al. IL-25 Involved in Airway Inflammation of OVA-Induced Asthmatic Mice and the Inhibitory Effect of Glucocorticoid. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:151.
90. Bossé Y, Lee-Gosselin A, Boulet LP, King GG. Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma: A Better Understanding Yet to Yield Clinical Benefit. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:150.
91. Avdalovic M, Weiss E, Sylvia C, Quesenberry S, Tyler N, et al. Airway Vascularity is not Associated with Airway Hyper-responsiveness in a Non-human Primate Model of Asthma. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:149.
92. Wang L, Qin L, Yang H, Peng D, Ma Q, et al. An Inactivated P. aeruginosa Immunomodulator Restores Imbalanced Epithelial Function Induced by In Vitro RSV Persistent Infection. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:147.
93. Aboudiab T, Zahreddine K, Hawari SA, Leke L, Kalach N. Is it Still Necessary to Stop any Cow’s Milk Protein Intake to Milk Allergic Infants with Non- Anaphylactic Events? A Case Report. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:156.
94. Marsella R, Ahrens K. Clinical and Immunologic Effects of Allergen-Specific Sublingual Immunotherapy in a Canine Model of Atopic Dermatitis: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:157.
95. Kvangarsnes M, Torheim H, Hole T, Crawford P. Nurses Perspectives on Compassionate Care for Patients with Exacerbated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:158.
96. Wu ZX, Hunter DD, Batchelor TP, Dey RD. Exposure to Sidestream Tobacco Smoke Induces Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in Early Postnatal Mice. J Allergy Ther 2013; 4:153.
97. Price D, Chisholm A, Hillyer EV, Burden A, von Ziegenweidt J, et al. Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy Step-Down and Dosing Regimen on Measures of Asthma Control. J Aller Ther 2013; 4: 126.
98. Chou V, Karagic M, Gomez S, Moqattash L, Silverberg NB, et al. Prevalence of Atopic Disorders in Inner-City Asian Americans and the Predictive Value of Family History. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:127.
99. Genel S, Lucia S, Emanuela F, Daniel S, Gabriel S. Angioedema Associated with Urticaria can be a Silent Killer. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:128.
100. Tayeb MMS. Allergy to Montelukast Sodium Treated Effectively by Protracted Oral Desensitization: First Case Report. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:129.
101. Mahram M, Barikani A, Nejatian N. The Frequency of Common Allergens in Allergic Rhinitis among the Patients Referred to the Allergy Clinic of Qods Hospital in Qazvin during 2007-2010. J Aller Ther 2013; 4:130.
102. Turhan A. Immune System Behavior during Herpesvirus Infection in Childhood. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e104.
103. Mousa HA. The Hidden Scene behind the High Prevalence of Giardiasis and Other Infectious Diseases in Certain Developing Countries. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e106.
104. Perini AP. Influenza, What’s Is Going On? . J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e105.
105. Herman J, Bachleda P, Cerna M, Prasil V, Santavy P. Iatrogenic Injury to the Superior Vena Cava and Brachiocephalic Vein. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:169.
106. Eloufir F, Khelaifia S, Aboudharam G, Drancourt M. In Vitro Activity of Metronidazole against Entamoeba Gingivalis. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:170.
107. Fujiwara H, Nishimura T, Iketani O, Takano Y, Sakai A, et al. Discordance between Two Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Healthcare Workers. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:171.
108. Taniguchi J, Yoshinaga M, Kucho Y, Watanabe M, Kushida C. Longitudinal Changes in Clinical Epidemiology and Drug Sensitivity of Communityassociated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Hospital in Japan. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:172.
109. Piazzalunga D, Coccolini F, Colaianni N, Manfredi R, Lunghi A, et al. Epidural Abscess Secondary to Paravertebral Pyomyositis in a Patient with a Sacrococcygeal Suppurated Cyst. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:173.
110. Aguirre BA, Garcia EG, Cebrian Carretero JL, Garcia MB. Early Diagnosis of Necrotizing Fasciitis of Unknown Origin: A Challenge to Prevent the Delay of Surgical Treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:174.
111. Hatch GJ, Bate SR, Crook A, Jones N, Funnell SG, et al. Efficacy Testing of Orally Administered Antibiotics against an Inhalational Bacillus anthracis Infection in BALB/C Mice. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:175.
112. Masgala A, Delis SG, Dervenis C. Clostridium Difficile Infection: An Increasing Postsurgical Complication. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:176.
113. Barbero JM, Montero E, Agudo R, García M, Rebollar A, et al. Can too Much Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty Surgery be Harmful? Results of a Series of Cases Study. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:177.
114. Yeniay Y, Açikgöz G. A Case of Genital Erosion Associated with Cutaneous Pseudomonas putida Infection and Review of the Literature. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:178.
115. Pandey R, Barman P, Sengupta S. Ralstonia Pickettii Bacteremia. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:179.
116. Werff JV, Akker MV. Invasive Aspergillosis in Children: Where Do We Stand?. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:180.
117. Hviid CV, Pripp AH, Aasen AO, Danckert-Krohn C. Postoperative Accumulation of Cyr61/CCN1 in Surgical Wound Fluid Precedes Cytokine Activation and is Disparate from Systemic Alterations. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:181.
118. Amare D, Dereje B, Kassie B, Tessema M, Mullu G, et al. Maternal Knowledge and Practice Towards Diarrhoea Management in Under Five Children in Fenote Selam Town, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2: 182.
119. Catagni MA. Bone Infection: Therapeutical Pearls Based on Evidence of 458 Cases on Infected Pseudoarthrosis and Other Cases of Bone Infection in the Department of Orthopedics of Lecco from 1981 to 2011. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:183.
120. Wyatt HV. The Curse of Unnecessary and Unsterile Injections. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:184.
121. iménez-Arellanes MA, Gutiérrez-Rebolledo G, Rojas-Tomé S, Meckes-Fischer M. Medicinal Plants, an Important Reserve of Antimycobacterial and Antitubercular Drugs: An Update. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:185.
122. Chemchik H, Achèche W, Amara A, Abidi S, Kotas C, et al. Infectious Thoracic Aortitis: A Case Report. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:186.
123. Ray U, Dutta S, Sutradhar A. Septic Shock in a Patient with Tubercular Liver Abscess. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:188.
124. Wareg SE, Foster HA, Daw MA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from Healthcare and Community Facilities in Libya Show a High Level of Resistance to Fusidic Acid. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:189
125. Bailey JCW. Employing a Multifaceted Approach Aimed at Increasing Influenza Vaccination Rates. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:190.
126. Andrès E, Mourot R, Keller O, Serraj K, Vogel T. Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis in Elderly Patients: Diagnosis and Management of Life-Threatening Infections and Septic Shock . J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:191.
127. Correal JCD, Sant’Anna LO, Carvalho AFC, Seraphim CPAC, Mendes GB, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones Resistant Escherichia Coli in Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:192.