Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Menue-ISSN: 2321-6182 p-ISSN: 2347-2332
e-ISSN: 2321-6182 p-ISSN: 2347-2332
Chamakuri Subba Rao*
Department of Pharmacognosy, DR. C.S.N Institute of Pharmacy, Andhra University, Bhimavaram, India
Received: 05/09/2015 Accepted: 02/11/2015 Published: 12/11/2015
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The Ethnobotanical studies and folklore claiming reviewed that the leaves and bark of the plant Psidium guajava Linn. are used for wound healing activity. From the literatures we found that poly-phenolic compounds like tannin have significant free radical scavenging activity in bacterial associated diseases.
Based on the above information of Psidium guajava is selected for this Research work to separate the tannin fraction from the Psidium guajava Linn. leaves and bark. For study the anti-bacterial activity of tannin fraction of Psidium guajava separated from leaf and bark.
Psidium guajava; Tannin Fraction; Wound healing activity
The Medicinal plants are of awesome worth in the field of treatment and cure of many diseases. Throughout the years, investigative exploration has extended our insight into the compound impact and arrangement of the dynamic constituents which focus the restorative properties of plants [1-3].
India is an ancient heritage of traditional medicine. Materia medica of India provides a lot of information on the folklore practices and traditional medicine. Based on various indigenous system including Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani.
In western medicine continues to show the influence of ancient practices. More recently, there has been interest in other products from traditional systems of medicine artemisinin is an active anti-malarial compounds isolated from Artemisia annua, a constituent of the Chinese anti-malarial preparation qinghaous and forskolin was isolated from Coleus forskohlii, a species used in ayurvedic preparations for cardiac disorders. A new standardized preparation, artemether has recently been introduced for treatment of drug resistant malaria, and new analogues of Forskolin are being tested for a variety of uses [4].
Nature has provided an excellent storehouse of remedies to cure all the ailments of mankind. In ancient days, almost all the medicine used was from natural sources, particularly from plants and plants continue to be an important source of new drugs even now. The importance of biological, chemical and pharmacological evaluation of plants derived agents used in the treatment of human ailments has been increasingly recognized in the last decades [5].
In the next of our series on so much Japanese plant we glance at guava or dicot genus guajava Linn [6,7]. In people medication, extracts of roots, bark and leaves ar accustomed treat stomach flu, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, wounds, ulcers, toothache, cough, raw throat, inflamed gums, and variety of different conditions. This plant appeared warrant associate comprehensive review
Guava which is scientifically known as Psidium guajava Linn is well known plant to all of us, the plant have many medicinal values, we are extract the medicinal values from roots, leaves and barks etc.. Guava fruits are preferred for diabetic patients and used to treat several diseases like gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, wounds, ulcers, toothache, cough, sore throat, inflamed gums. It is the commonly available plant in all over India, [8-12].
Collection aqnd Authentication
The plant specimen (Leaves and bark) for the proposed study was collected during the month of July 2010 from the garden of Vels university, Pallavaram, Chennai. It was identified and authenticated by Dr. P. Jayaraman, Director of Plant Anatomy research center (PARC), Tambaram, Chennai. A voucher specimen No. PARC /2010/594 has been deposited for further reference.
Extraction
The leaves and bark of Psidium guajava Linn. were shade dried and coarsely powdered. About 300 gm of powdered drug was extracted with ethanol by cold maceration method after 72 hrs of maceration it was filtered. After complete extraction the extraction was concentrated by distilling off the solvent and then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using vaccum flash evaporator. Then it was extracted successively with solvents of increasing polarity such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous it’s to yield its fraction. All the fractions were evaporated under vaccum its color and consistencies were observed.Percentage yield was calculated on the air dried basis [13-18]. The results were tabulated in Tables 1-3.
Table 1. The percentage yield of Psidium guajava leaves.
Table 2. The percentage yield of Psidium guajava bark.
Table 3. Isolation of tannin fraction.
Phytochemical Screening
The leaf and bark tannin fractions were subjected to qualitative phytochemical test for identification of constituents. The results shown in Tables 4-6.
Table 4. Phytochemical screening of Psidium guajava leaf
Table 5. Phytochemical Screening of Psidium guajava bark.
Table 6. Phytochemical screening of Psidium guajava leaf and bark (dried powder).
Wound healing activity [19-25]
Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and other animals. A number of traditions came to dominate the practice of herbal medicines for various effective human benefits at the end of the twentieth century. With a view to increasing the wide spectrum of medicinals usages, the present day requires a new biologically active fraction which exhibit wound healing activity as local applications. The availability of market products capable of stimulating the process of wound repair is still limited. Hence the present investigation was focused in the direction of establishment of tannin fraction in th form of ointment for wound healing activity.
Formulation of ointment [26-28]
Ointment
Ointment is soft semisolid preparation meant for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. They usually contain a medicament dissolves, suspended or emulsified in the base.
Preparation of ointment procedure
Cetostearyl alcohol, white soft paraffin and yellow soft paraffin were melted together. Wool fat was dissolved separately in purified water and warmed it to almost same temperature (about 600C). Add the warmed 5% of tannin leaf fraction (TLF) and 5% tannin bark fraction (TBF) separately to the melted mixture and stir thoroughly. Allowed to cool, and packed in suitable container
Under light ether anesthesia an impression of 500 sq mm was made on the shaved back of the rat as described in Morton and Malone. The skin of the impressed area was excised carefully. Animals are kept in separate cages. The day on which wound was made consider as day‘0’ (Zero). Animals divided into four groups of each with 5 animals. Group A considers as control and treated with simple ointment (eg. Bees wax, Cetosteryl alcohol etc.), group B consider as standard and treated with 5% w/w Povidine iodine ointment, group C and group D are Psidium guajava treated group and applied ointment 5% respectively. The percentage of wound closure was recorded on day 4,8,12 and 16. Wound area was traced and measured plan metrically with the help of sq mm graph paper. Number of days required for falling of the eschar without any residual raw wound gave the period of epithelization (Tables 7 and 8).
Table 7. Thin layer chromatography of leaf and bark fraction of Psidium guajava Linn.
Table 8. Effect of tannin leaf fraction and tannin bark fraction (ointment) of Psidium guajava on excision model.
The present work covers study on anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of the leaves and bark of Psidium guajava Linn.
Extraction
The successive extraction leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. was done in the order of increasing polarity i.e. Petroleum ether, Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous (Tables 1-3).
The phytochemical test was carried out for the identification of various constituents. It answers positively for saponins, flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, tannin, terpenoids and steroids (Tables 4-6).
Chromatography (TLC) of extract
The extracted compound identified compare with standard sample (Gallic acid) by TLC. It was performed using solvent system only glacial acetic acid (10 ml) with 5% ferric chloride (fecl3) as detecting agent. The result observed in the RF values of standard (0.93 and 0.87), tannin rich fraction Rf value (0.91&0.85) The results were reported in Table 7 and Figure 1
Figure 1. TLC of TLF and TBF of Psidium guajava Linn.
Wound Healing Activity
Effect of combined extract on excision wound model
In excision wound model, the results indicates the topical application of combined plant extract formulation in different concentration (5% and 5%) have demonstrated significant reduction in the wound area. The 5% ointment of combined plant extract treated animals showed faster epithelialization of wound (17 ± 0.81) than the animals treated with 5% combined extract ointment (19.2 ± 0.55). The period of epithelialization was (17 ± 0.58) in the case of standard drug 5% w/w standard Povidone Iodine Ointment treated animals (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Before wound healing rat and after wound healing rat.
The Ethnobotanical studies and folklore claiming reviewed that the leaves and bark of the plant Psidium guajava L., are used for wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The young leaves are used as tonic in the diseases of the digestive function and is said to be remedy for toothache. Tannin has a broad scale of biological activities among which antiinflammatory and wound healing effects stands out. Psidium guajava Linn. Belongs to Myrtaceae, is a wide spread plant in India and commonly used as for antiseptic, anthelmintic, wound healing and in inflammatory conditions. It has a high content of tannin substances reviewed from literature.so the present work was focused to isolate tannin rich fraction and it was evaluated for antiinflammatory and antibacterial activities. The tannin rich fraction of leaf and bark of the plant was formulated in the ointment form and studied for wound healing activity.
Phytochemical study
Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the phyto constituents present in the ethanolic extracts and its fraction. Phytochemical screening of tannin isolation shows the presence of tannin.
The total tannin content was estimated by using spectrophotometer method. The results indicate that the content of tannin was found to higher in the plant. TLC was done for the tannin fraction on support of the chemical test since it showed blue color spot with 5% ferric chloride, confirmed the presence of tannin. It was identified as gallic acid by comparing its R f value with that of standard gallic acid.
Wound healing activity
Wound healing, a complex sequence of events, is initiated by the stimulus of injury to the tissues. A positive stimulus may result from the release of some factors by wounding of tissues. Cutaneous wound repair is accompanied by an ordered and definable sequence of biological events starting with wound closure and progressing to the repair and remodeling of damaged tissue. The results of present study indicates that 70% hydro alcoholic leaf and bark extracts ointment of title plants at both strengths (5% leaf and 5% bark) exhibited significant wound healing promoting activity. However, this effect was found to be concentration related fashion where5% ointment promotes significant wound-healing activity by increasing cellular proliferation, formation of granulation tissue, synthesis of collagen and by increase in the rate of wound contraction as compared to the control animals. This was evident by faster rate of wound closure and epithelization period in excision wound model. Further phytochemical studies are needed to isolate and characterize the individual tannin, and identify the compounds .which is responsible for antiinflammatory and wound healing activity.
From this study, it is concluded that Psidium guajava Linn. Leaf and bark tannin fraction have significant wound healing models. That tannin rich fraction of leaf and bark of the plant was formulated in the ointment form and it was screened for In vivo wound healing. It showed significant percentage wound protection at the tested concentration.
The wound healing activity is probably due to the presence of tannin (gallic acid). Further studies need to be isolate individual tannin and explore its biological potency by various preclinical and clinical trials of the isolated compounds.