Research & Reviews: Research Journal of Biology
MenuISSN: 2322-0066
ISSN: 2322-0066
Department of Civil engineering, V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andra pradesh
Received date: 12/09/2017; Accepted date: 07/01/2018; Published date: 08/01/2018
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The comparative study on cold formed light gauge steel angle sections and channel sections of compression members using the finite element software by using ABAQUS CAE version 6.14 was used to model the angle & channel specimens. The present study focuses mainly on the investigation of inelastic behavior of a fixed end and the other end is pin-terminated cold-formed lightgauge steel angles and channel sections of compression members using the technique Modern.
For finite element analysis general purpose ABAQUS CAE Version 6.14 software has been used three different nominal section sizes are tested. The cold formed light gauge steel angle sections and channel sections of specimens should be studied for the same b/t ratio such as 25, 25 and 25. The length is varied and the thickness (2 mm) remains constant for angled sections and channel specimens. These specimens are analyzed for different lengths such as 400 mm, 500 mm, and 600 mm. For the same relation b/t that increases the length, the load capacity of the section decreases due to the slenderness effect. The length of a compression member increases then it reduces the load carrying capacity of a member.
Channel section; Steel, Cold formed light gauge
Cold formed light gauge steel products are manufactured by bending a flat steel sheet at room temperature in a way that will withstand more load than the flat sheet itself. Cold-formed light gauge steel specimens are manufactured by cold rolling. Lightweight gauge steel angle sections and channel sections of a sections and specimens are generally made by folding a flat sheet. Thus, the original strip is converted into two different regions, one of which is corner portion and another region is of a flat portion. Due to the cold forming of the light angle sections and channel sections, the mechanical properties of the steel are modified. These angular sections are used for structural framing in transmission towers, railway wagons steel, beams and low-rise buildings.
“Cold Formed light gauge Steel Plain Angle Compression Members” by G. Vani, P.Jayabalan, Jikhil Joseph[1] studied From I was observed that the load capacity of the section decreases as the ratio b/t increases. For the same relation b/t that increases the length, the load capacity of the section decreases due to the slenderness effect.The analysis of cold formed light gauge steel of general load method analyzes were performed to obtain the load-displacement plot and the final loads. The final load capacity decreases with the increase in the b/t ratio, as well as the length.
“Cold-formed steel angles under axial compression” by G.M.B. Chodraui, Y. Shifferaw, M. Malite, B. W. Schafer[2] The aim of this paper is to examine the stability and strength of Concordically charged cold formed steel angles as determined by Experiment, and Fem model (ABAQUS CAE Version 6.14).
“Improved design rules for fixed cold formed terminations Steel columns subjected to torsional flexion” by Shanmuganathan, Gunalan, and Mahen Mahendran[3]. This paper has presented the details of a research on flexion and Bearing bending behavior of structural steel columns Fixed ends. The current design rules for the capabilities of members of steel columns Based on the same non-dimensional force curve for fixed and fixed end columns. This research has reviewed the accuracy of current design standards in AS/NZS 4600 and Specification of North America to determine the capacities of members of cold formed steel Columns using finite element detailed analysis results and an experimental study of Lipped channel columns [4,5].
Light steel cold rolled steel, essentially hot rolled, which has an additional processing Cold formed light gauge steel is further processed in the cold reduction mills, where the material is cooled to room temperature (Table 1).
| Mechanical properties | Hot rolled | Cold rolled |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength | 67000 Psi | 85000 Psi |
| Yield strength | 45000 Psi | 70000 Psi |
| Brinnels hardness | 137 | 167 |
Table 1: Light steel cold rolled steel, essentially hot rolled.
The experimental study has been carried by considering the cold formed light gauge steel angle columns 50 × 50 × 2.0 mm size [6]. IS 801-1975 provides the distance between the shear centre and centre of gravity of the respective angle and channel sections. Three different lengths are to be tested in hydraulic pressure by using loading frame [7].
To determine the comparative study on cold formed light gauge steel angle and channel specimens of a compression members the load should be applied at shear centre and taking eccentricity from shear centre up to centre of gravity, with varying the length of the columns such as 400 mm, 500 mm and 600 mm (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Angle sections of 400 mm, 500 mm and 600 mm lengths.
The angle columns with one end fixed i.e., bottom end fixed and other end hinged i.e., top end is hinged is taken and compressed by applying the loading at top of the column [8,9]. In order to transfer the load to angle section a M.S (mild steel) plate of 4 mm thick is welded to the angle Column both at top and bottom to transfer the load though it is loading (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 2: Channel sections of 400 mm, 500 mm and 600 mm lengths.
Figure 3: Angle section for 400 mm length.
The model was validated using the experimental results on angled column specimens of equal angle, subject to concentrated loads (Figure 4). The finite element modeling was performed with the ABAQUS CAE Version 6.14 software and the input parameters were also given [10]. It was found that the results of the model of Table II were in harmony with the data of the experimental study (Figures 5 and 6).
Figure 5: Mises Henky’s theory results for angle section of 400 mm length.
Figure 6: Mises Henky’s theory results for angle section of 500 mm length.
According to MISS HENKY’S theory it states that “in elastic action at any point in a body, under any combination of stress begins” this theory is well justified for ductile materials (Figure 7) (Table 2).
Figure 7: Mises Henky’s theory results for angle section of 600 mm length.
| Specimen | Length In mm | Experimental Data In Kn | Fem(Abaqus) In Kn | Error(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 400 | 40.25 | 42.55 | 1.75 |
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 500 | 39.65 | 42.04 | 2.81 |
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 600 | 36.62 | 39.6 | 2.98 |
Table 2: Validation of the model with experimentally & software analysis of angle sections.
Modelling of Fe Analysis of Channel Section
The behavior of the plain channel column samples was studied by modeling the channel sections using the finite element module ABAQUS CAE Version 6.14. Rounded corners were provided for the angle specimens using the fillet command as shown in (Figure 4). To apply a pressure load body force with the center of the angle specimen, a hinged plate was used to simply transfer the charge to the sample Angle (Graphs 1 and 2).
Graph 1: Plot graph between load vs. length of a column.
Graph 2: Abaqus cae version 6.14 result for angle specimen.
The plane channel was modeled as a shell element. The S4R element has been selected from the ABAQUS manual [11, 12]. The angle specimen was assembled with the one end is to be rigid plates at other end is to be hinged as shown in (Figure 5).The assembly was such that the centroid of the angle section as well as the plate member coincided. Based on the mesh convergence study, a 10 × 10 mesh was selected (Figures 8 and 9) (Table 3).
Figure 8: Plain channel section.
Figure 9: Assembled and meshed model plate of a channel specimen.
| Specimen | Length in mm | Experimental Data in kn | Eem(Abaqus) in kn | Error (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 400 | 49.55 | 52.09 | 2.54 | |
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 500 | 44.5 | 47.35 | 2.85 | |
| 50 × 50 × 2.0 | 600 | 41.63 | 44.6 | 2.97 | |
Table 3: Validation of the model with experimentally and software analysis of channel sections.
The model was validated using the experimental results on angled column specimens of equal channel, subject to concentrated loads (Figures 10 and 11). The finite element modeling was performed with the ABAQUS CAE Version 6.14 software and the input parameters were also given [13, 14]. It was found that the results of the model of Table II were in harmony with the data of the experimental study [15] (Figures 12 and 13).
Figure 10: Maximum principal stresses for channel section.
Figure 11: Mises Henky’s theory results for channel section of 400 mm length.
Figure 12: Mises Henky’s theory results for channel section of 500 mm length.
Figure 13: Mises Henky’s theory results for channel section of 600 mm length.
According to MISS HENKY’S theory it states that “in elastic action at any point in a body, under any combination of stress begins” this theory is well justified for ductile materials (Graphs 3 and 4).
Graph 3: Plot graph between lengths of a column v/s load.
Graph 4: Abaqus cae version 6.14 result for channel specimens.
Conclusions
1. The reduction in bearing capacity with respect to the increase in b / t ratio is mainly due to plate buckling, predominantly local buckling of the member. In addition, the reduction of the load capacity with an increase in the length is due to the effect of slenderness.
2. For the band depth to be greater, there is a drastic decrease in the load capacity for a given slenderness ratio.
3. The ultimate load carrying capacity decreases with increase in the length.
4. The load carrying capacity of channel sections are more compared to angle specimens.
5. The crippling failure of a column are occurs at encastered supports in angle sections & whereas the length increases crippling failure occurs at hinged location.
6. In the case of channel specimens the crippling failure of a column are occurs at hinged supports, whereas the length increases the failure occurs at same location.
7. The FEM results are to be better for the cold formed steel analysis as well as experimental results.