International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Menu

ISSN ONLINE(2278-8875) PRINT (2320-3765)

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.

Coordination Control for Grid Connected Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell system

M.Dhananjaya1, B.Venkata Ramana2, M.Rambabu3, Indraneel. saaki4
  1. Assistant professor, Dept. of EEE, SV Engineering College, Kalavarai, A.P, India1
  2. Assistant professor, Dept. TPIST , Komatipalli, A.P, India2
  3. Assistant professor, Dept. of EEE, GMRIT, Rajam, A.P, India3
  4. Assistant professor, Dept. of EEE, TPIST, Komatipalli, A.P, India4
Related article at Pubmed, Scholar Google

Visit for more related articles at International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Abstract

Power system plays important role for the generation of power from conventional sources, transmutation and distribution power at different consumer applications it will faces a so many problems. This can be overcome to implement the micro grid concept. The micro grid concept introduces the power is generated from the renewable energy sources like P.V Wind, Fuel cell, Micro Turbine etc will give signifying moment in near future. These power generating stations interconnected to form a micro grid system. IN this paper power generated from P.V and Fuel Cell (PEM). Here Both are the DC power generating stations for the purpose of power generating from the P.V in night time, rain session and cloud time face difficulties. this can be overcome to power is generating by using fuel cell and without any interruption of energy supplies to load and this system can interconnected to the utility grid and coordinately between these two system by using P-Q control theory in bidirectional converter system. This concept to reduces multiple reserve conversions and it will consists of both A.C and D.C networks connected to distribution generation through multi-bidirectional converters and to maintain stable operation of system by using proposed coordination schemes in the MATLAB simulink environment.

Keywords
micro grid, grid-tied mode, coordination control operations, PV system, Fuel Cell power generation.

INTRODUCTION
The ever increasing energy consumption, the soaring cost and the exhaustible nature of fossil fuel, and the worsening global environment have created increased interest in green [renewable based energy sources] power generation systems. Wind and solar power generation are two of the most promising renewable power generation technologies. The growth of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems has exceeded the most optimistic estimation. Nevertheless, because different alternative energy sources can complement each other to some extent, multisource hybrid alternative energy systems (with proper control) have great potential to provide higher quality and more reliable power to customers than a system based on a single resource. Because of this feature, hybrid energy systems have caught worldwide research attention [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems and isolated Fuel Cell systems are considered among the renewable systems to be viable alternatives for the designer of such remote power supplies. Nevertheless, systems based on either solar or fuel cell energy are unreliable due to seasonal and diurnal variations of these resources. The control of such a scheme is also far from straightforward, especially where there is a high penetration [2]. Furthermore, it decreases the advantage of clean and no pollution energy achieved from the renewable sources. A system that is based fully on renewable resources but at the same time reliable is necessary and hybrid wind and solar systems with small battery storage meet these requirements.
A hybrid scheme consists of wind PV[3] array and fuel cell with power electronic convertors and power balancing controls are proposed in this paper for the purpose of reduces the reversible covert ions smooth power variation between sources and maintain stable operation in the system. The battery bank, which is charged during the daytime, will supply the inverter during the night to provide fuel cell necessary. when solar irradiation reaches its peak, the proposed scheme with appropriate choice of the sizes of the PV array and fuel cell[10] ensures almost an uninterruptible supply throughout the year.

GRID OPERATION
Wherever the basic main diagram of a AC/DC micro grid shows it will consists two renewable energy sources one is P.V the output of P.V array is connected to the boost converter. A capacitor is supplies the high frequency ripples of P.V output voltage .the energy storage battery is connected to the D.C bus through DC-DC boost converter. The rated voltage of D.C bus is 400v respectively. Another renewable energy device is wind generation with DFIG is connecting to ac sources through A.C bus. Three phase bidirectional DC/AC main converter wit R-L-C connected between DC bus and AC bus.
The grid can operate in two modes One is grid-tied mode and isolated mode the present work is did in grid-tied mode The boost converter and WTG are controlled to provide the maximum power. the main converter is to provide stable dc bus voltage and required reactive power and to exchange power between the ac and dc buses. When the output power of the dc sources is greater than the dc loads, the converter acts as an inverter and injects power from dc to ac side. When the total power generation is less than the total load at the dc side, the converter injects power from the ac to dc side. When the total power generation is greater than the total load in the hybrid grid, it will inject power to the utilygrid.

MODELLING OF P.V SYSTEM
In Generally, a PV module comprises of a number of PV cells connected in either series or parallel the classical equation of a PV cell describes the relationship between current and voltage of the cell (neglecting the current in the shunt resistance of the equivalent circuit of the cell) as
image
Where Io denotes the PV array output current, V is the PV output voltage, is the cell photocurrent that is proportional to solar irradiation, is the cells reverse saturation current that mainly depends on the temperature, is a constant, n and are the numbers of series strings and parallel strings in the PV array, respectively.

MPPT (P&O method)
Define Perturb-and-observe (P&O) method is dominantly used in practical PV systems for the MPPT control due to its simple implementation, high reliability, and tracking efficiency. Shows the flow chart of the P&O method [4-5]. The present power P (k) is calculated with the present values of PV voltage V (k) and current I (k), and is compared with the previous power P (k-1). If the power increases [6-7], keep the next voltage change in the same direction as the previous change.

DYNAMIC MODELLING OF BOOST CONVERTER
main objective of the boost converter is to track the maximum power point of the PV array by regulating the solar panel terminal voltage using the power voltage characteristic curve.
image
image

MODELING OF BATTERY
Battery acts as a constant voltage load line on the PV array and is charged both by PV array and induction generator .the battery is modeled as a nonlinear voltage source whose output voltage depends not only[8-9] on the current but also on the battery state of charge(SOC), which is non linear function of the current and time.
image

FUEL CELL MODEL
PEM fuel cell electrochemical process starts on the anode side where H2 molecules are brought by flow plate channels. Anode catalyst divides hydrogen on protons H+ that travel to cathode through membrane and electrons e- that travel to cathode over external electrical circuit[12-13]. At the cathode hydrogen protons H+ and electrons e- combine with oxygen O2 by use of catalyst, to form water H2O and heat. Described reactions can be expressed using equations.
image
Amount of chemical energy released in these reactions depends on hydrogen pressure, oxygen pressure and fuel cell temperature. Using change in Gibbs free energy, this amount can be expressed as:
image
where Δg0 f is change in Gibbs free energy at standard pressure, R universal gas constant, T fc PEM temperature and pO2 and PH2 are gas pressures. Because electrical work done by fuel cell is equivalent to released chemical energy, value of open circuit fuel cell voltage E meets equation:
image
To attain actual cell voltage (on electrical couplings) vfc, voltage drops caused by activation, concentration and ohmic losses have to be deducted from open circuit voltage. Cathode and anode activation losses are result of breaking and forming electron-proton chemical bonds, and parasitic electrochemical reactions caused from hydrogen proton migration through membrane at zero current. Their voltage drop was calculated using formula:
image
where activation voltage drop at zero current density v0 depends on fuel cell temperature, cathode pressure and water saturation pressure Va=f( Tfc, Pca, Psat)Voltage drop va inserts in (5) correlation with current density i and depends on fuel cell temperature, oxygen pressure and water saturation pressure Va=f(Tfc,Po2,Psat) and c1 is activation voltage constant.

FUEL CELL EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
image
Proposed coordination control of the grid-connected mode
boost is to track the maximum power from P.V array by regulating the terminal voltage and which are synchronize with corresponding grid. the main converter is designed to operate bidirectional to incorporate complementary characteristics of solar and fuel cell sources and to maintain a stable dc-link voltage for variable DC load and to synchronize with the AC link utility system.
The role of the battery acts as a constant voltage load line on the PV array and is charged by the PV array under atmosphere conditions. The above modes are considered under normal weather conditions when the PV power output is available. However, on cloudy days, the PV/battery system will only function as a battery energy storage system due to the absence of PV power output. In such cases, if the daily load profile creates sufficient price differences between peak and off-peak load periods, battery will be charged during off-peak periods and discharged during peak periods for economic. The load is fully supplied by the battery in situations where there is inadequate irradiation [15]. During nights the excess energy if any is used to change the battery being fully charged and unable to accept this excess energy on other hand, during the daytime, in the event of the battery being disconnected to prevent overcharging.
The proposed P-Q controls are applied to the boost converter, main converter, for the power balancing between the AC sources, DC sources, and utility grid under varying load conditions. This thesis the main converter is plays important role it will acts as a voltage source to proved a stable voltage and frequency for the grid and operates either in inverter or converter under varying load conditions for smooth power balancing between the AC links and DC links. the battery converter operates either in discharging or charging condition based on the power balance in system. The power under varying load and supply conditions should be balanced .Calculation of real and reactive power control equations for main converter
image
Vt’ voltage at transformer , ‘Vu’ voltage at utility grid and ‘φi’ is the phase angle of the voltage on the inverter side and ‘Lt’ is the leakage inductance of the transformer. For calculation purposes, the transformer is considered to be ideal; hence the angle lag due to Y-Δ connection is neglected.

SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.8.shows the output voltage of PV array corresponding solar irradiation it will increases at 0.025 to 0.3 voltage constant using P&O method. At the period of 0.3 to 0.0325 voltage drop occur during the load and source condition .the boost controller quickly recovers this drop and gives constant voltage.
Fig.9. shows the output power of PV is correspondingly increases with solar irradiation. Output power is increases 12kw to 37kw due to changing the temperature. When temperature is fixed at 0.12sec to 0.3sec power generation is fixed.
Fig.10. shows output voltage of PEM fuel cell corresponding to chemical reaction of the system initially generation voltage low when chemical done quickly correspondingly increase the voltage at certainly this voltage will be constant.
Fig.11.shows PEM fuel cell power corresponding to chemical reaction
Fig.12. shows there phase voltage at load and this will be interconnected to utility grid by using the bidirectional converter it will be controlled by using p-q controller.
Fig.13. shows there phase current at load and this will be interconnected to utility grid. by using the bidirectional converter it will be controlled by using p-q controller.

CONCLUSION
This paper simply provides the alternative energy solution for different consumer applications. the design and developed micro grid for power system configuration is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. In this paper reduces the process of AC/DC and DC/AC conversions in individual AC or DC grid. Although MPPT algorithm is used to harness maximum power from DC source .here proposed controllers are developed for all converter to maintain the stable system under various resource and load changing conditions and coordinate power exchange power between the load grid. future work this paper modeling of power generation from wind using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment this can be interconnecting to AC/DC micro grid and coordinately operate the system and implementing in Indian military applications.

Figures at a glance
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9
 

References
  1. R. H. Lasseter, “MicroGrids,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meet., Jan. 2002, vol. 1, pp. 305–308.
  2. S. A. Daniel and N. AmmasaiGounden, “A novel hybrid isolated generating system based on PV fed inverter-assisted wind-driven induction generators,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 416–422, Jun. 2004.
  3. C.Wang and M. H. Nehrir, “Power management of a stand-alone wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell energy system,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol.23, no. 3, pp. 957–967, Sep. 2008.
  4. F. Liu, S. Duan, F. Liu, B. Liu, and Y. Kang, “A variable Step size INC MPPT method for PV systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2622–2628, Jul.
  5. L. Piegari, R. Rizzo, "Adaptive perturb and observe algorithm for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking," Renewable Power Generation, IET, vol. 4,no. 4, pp. 317-328, July 2010.
  6. T.Kerekes*,R.Teodorescu*M.Liserre**,R.Mastromauro, A. Dell’Aquila**MPPT algorithm for Voltage Controll PV Inverters.
  7. C. Liu, B. Wu and R. Cheung advanced algorithm for Mppt control of photovoltaic systems Canadian Solar Buildings Conference Montreal, August 20-24, 2004 Refereed Paper.
  8. M. D. Anderson and D. S. Carr, “Battery energy storage technologies,”Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 475–479, Mar. 1993.
  9. Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca, and W. A. Lynch, “A mathematical model for lead acid batteries,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 7, no1, pp. 93–98, Mar. 1992.
  10. Non conventional energy sources by G.D. Rai.
  11. M.Ptrinic and Z.Jakopovic Modeling andsimulation of System.PEM cell-power converter system
  12. J.T.Pukrushpan, A. G. Stephanopoulos, H. Peng,Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems, 2nd printing, Springer- Verlag, London Limited, 2005. ISBN: 1-85233-816-4.
  13. G. Hoogers, Fuel cell technology handbook, CRC Press LLC, 2003. ISBN 0-8493-0877-1
  14. Z. Lemeš, A. Vath, Th. Hartkopf , H. Mäncher, Dynamic fuel cell models and their application in hardware in the loop simulation, Journal of Power Sources 154, 386–393
  15. J. Garnier, M. -C. Pera, D. Hissel, F. Harel, D. Candusso, N. Glandut, J. -P. Diard, A. De Bernardinis, J. -M. Kauffmann, G. Coquery, Dynamic PEM Fuel Cell Modeling for automotive applications, IEEE 0-7803-7954-3/03, 2003