Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Menue-ISSN: 2321-6182 p-ISSN: 2347-2332
e-ISSN: 2321-6182 p-ISSN: 2347-2332
Yamini K1*, Gopal V2, and Suthakaran3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JNTU, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Health Sciences, Puducherry, India
3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vijaya College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Received date: 10/07/2016; Accepted date: 12/08/2016; Published date: 23/08/2016
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Wound, a clinical substance is as old as humankind however healing of incessant cutaneous injuries is still an extraordinary issue. Wound healing happens by a procedure of connective tissue repair and finishes by development of stringy scar, the prevalent constituent of which is collagen. As per the conventional pharmaceutical, injuries have been dealt with topically with different therapeutic herbs or their concentrates since times immemorial. In any case, till now a great deal of examination has been visualized to grow better twisted recuperating specialists and it has been a testing assignment to produce them and keep up pace with issues experienced. Since a not very many engineered wound healing specialists are accessible still now, the quest for more secure and successful injury recuperating operators from therapeutic plants have turned out to be more vital regions of bioactive exploration. Further pharmacological and clinical examinations are prescribed for investigating security, careful components, and viability of these natural cures.
Wound, Herbal Plants, Phytoconstituents, Traditional medicine.
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and functions as a barrier from environmental aggressions, such as external microorganisms or dehydration or protection [1]. Trauma to the skin can arise from abrasions, lacerations, and thermal, electrical, or chemical burns, etc. [2]. In short, wound is specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. As a response to injury, several overlapping sequence occur, including inflammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, matrix formation and remodeling [3]. Wound healing acts as a survival mechanism to maintain normal status of the living tissue. The success of wound healing process depends on growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines involved in a complex integration of signals that coordinate cellular processes [4]. However, information concerning human health benefits of herbal medicines is still rare or dispersed, and they are very limited to their proper valuation [5]. Preparations from traditional medicinal plants are often used for wound healing purposes covering a broad area of different skin-related diseases. Herbal medicines in wound management involve disinfection, debridement, platelet aggregation, blood clotting, fibrin formation, and an inflammatory response, alteration in the ground substances, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and provision of a suitable environment for aiding the natural course of healing [6]. The present study was led to survey therapeutic herbs considered as wound recuperating operators in traditional medicine writing, furthermore to gather proof for their adequacy and pharmacological systems in advanced writing.
Pathology of Wounds
Wounds are physical injuries that outcome in an opening or break of skin. They ought to be recuperated legitimately fundamental for the rebuilding of upset anatomical congruity and aggravated useful status of the skin [7]. Wound healing, or wound repair, is the body's regular procedure of recovering dermal and epidermal tissue. Recuperating process begins because of a damage that reestablishes the capacity and structure of harmed tissues when an individual is wounded [8]. An arrangement of complex biochemical occasions happens in a firmly arranged course to repair the harm. These occasions cover in time and may be falsely ordered into particular strides: The provocative, proliferative, and rebuilding stages. Recuperating process begins because of a damage that reestablishes the capacity and structure of harmed tissues. Wound recuperating includes ceaseless cell–cell and cell–lattice associations. Wound recuperating includes platelet collection, blood thickening, fibrin arrangement, and a provocative reaction, change in the ground substances, angiogenesis and re-epithelialization [9,10]. Recuperating gets complete by the arrangement of collagen. This procedure can go ceaselessly and produce an abundance of fibroblastic expansion with a resultant hypertrophic scar, which by definition is kept to the injury site [11,12].
Ideal wound healing is to minimize tissue harm, give satisfactory blood supply to tissues, oxygenation, appropriate sustenance and wet injury recuperating environment to reestablish the anatomical congruity and capacity of the influenced part [13]. Cutaneous injury repair is a requested and succession of natural occasions beginning with wound conclusion and advancing to the repair and renovating of harmed tissue. The accessibility of medications fit for animating the procedure of wound repair is still restricted [14]. The administration of unending injuries is another real issue because of the high cost of treatment and the nearness of untoward symptoms reactive oxygen species (Ros) are malicious to wound healing process because of the hurtful consequences for cells and tissues (Figure 1). Absorbable engineered biomaterials are thought to be debased by means of Ros. Freeradical scavenging proteins are a cytoprotective enzymatic gathering that has a part in the expulsion of Ros and also managing wound recuperating process [15].
Figure 1: Wound Healing Process.
Parameters Used in Assessing Wound Healing Activity
Physical parameters
Physical characteristics like injury compression, epithelization also, scar redesigning can be observed by measuring the aggregate injury region, open injury territory, and taking note of the physical changes in scar e.g. size, shape and shading and so on [16]. Extraction wound is perfect to concentrate on these properties. The range estimation gives the rate of healing, as well as can recognize compression and epithelization. The degree of epithelization is dictated by measuring the crude twisted, bound by bald belt interceding between wound edge and afterward by deducting the crude injury territory from aggregate wound territory. Distinctive strategies for measuring the zones are accessible. These might be followed on a paper, weighed and contrasted and that of a reference bit of same thickness what's more, unit zone or the same can be followed on a chart paper to straightforwardly gauge the region [17]. The fruition of epithelization can be evaluated by taking note of the ideal opportunity for complete covering of the crude surface of the injury. "Thorotrast" a refined system with the electron murky marker is accounted for the recognizable proof of relocating epithelial cells Granuloma study is another physical quality of wound recuperating study which can be evaluated by measuring the granuloma itself by taking note of its overnight dried weight [18-20].
Mechanical parameters
Mechanical properties like breaking quality or elastic quality can be observed by measuring the power required to break an injury or tissue without respect to the measurements [21]. Rigidity estimation is made as far as burden connected per unit of cross sectional region and communicates as lbs/inch2 or kg/cm2 or 14 kg/mm2. Tensiometer or consistent water stream technique may be connected for uniform application of force [22].
Biochemical parameters
Different chemical agents including collagen that are expounded in the injury might be assessed. Collagen estimation in wound is most solid, since it contributes for wound quality. Hydroxyproline, a critical amino acid in collagen, is evaluated to decide the aggregate collagen content, on file of advancement in healing [23,24]. Calorimetric and spectrometric or chromatographic techniques are additionally accessible for its estimation.
Histological parameters
Checking the histological quality, evaluating different cell components and collagen content makes this a similarly helpful parameter in wound recuperating thinks about [25]. It is observed by minuscule examination of the granulation tissue have demonstrated that the profundity of collagen attack at the fringe of the plate is relative to the aggregate collagen content and fibroblast gathering in test animals [26].
Ethnobotanical Approaches to Wound Healing - Indian Perspective
An Ayurveda, siddha and unani drug utilizes a vast number of restorative plants for treatment of skin ailments which incorporates cuts, wounds and blazes. Therapeutic plants have been utilized subsequent to long time past time for treatment of different diseases of skin and dermatological issue particularly cuts, wounds and blazes [27]. An established use of plant based drug in treatment of wounds is portrayed in the Indian epic Ramayana, lakshman lay mortally injured on the combat zone in lanka, and therapeutic plants from Himalayas were utilized to reestablish lakshman to battling quality. In created nations likewise, individuals are looking for other option to present day treatments of wound healing like anti-infection agents, corticosteroids, and so forth in light of their side impacts. Pathogenesis and inability to heal of present day drugs cleared an approach to herbal medicine [28]. In the current survey, endeavor is made to present plants which have been accounted for in ethnobotanical writing for use in wound healing (Table 1).
| Name of the plant | Family | Parts used |
|---|---|---|
| Adhatoda vasica [32] | Acanthaceae | Leaves, stem |
| Alternanthera sessilis [33] | Amaranthaceae | Leaves |
| Arnebia densiflora [34] | Boraginaceae | Roots |
| Acalypha indica [35] | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves |
| Actinodaphne madaraspatna [36] | Cucurbitaceae | Leaves |
| Achyranthes aspera [37] | Amaranthaceae | Latex |
| Anaphalis lawii [38] | Asteraceae | Leaves |
| Adhatoda zeylanica [39] | Acanthaceae | Leaves |
| Agrimonia pilosa [40] | Rosaceae | Whole plant |
| Alstonia scholaris [41] | Apocynaceae | Latex |
| Argemone Mexicana [42] | Papaveraceae | Latex |
| Aristida setacea [43] | Poaceae | leaves |
| Berberis lyceum [44] | Berberidaceae | Roots |
| Barleria prionitis [45] | Acanthaceae | Leaves |
| Begonia fallox [46] | Begoniaceae | Stem |
| Betula alnoides [47] | Betulaceae | Bark |
| Blepharis maderaspatensis [48] | Acanthaceae | Leaves |
| Brassica juncea [49] | Brassicaceae | Fruit |
| Carallia brachiate [50] | Rhizophoracea | Bark |
| Calendula officinalis [51] | Asteraceae | Flower |
| Cassia alata [52] | Caesalpinae | leaves |
| Cassia auriculata [53] | Caesalpinae | Leaves, Bark |
| Chenopodium album [54] | Chenopodiaceae | Leaves |
| Cleome viscosa [55] | Cleomaceae | Leaves |
| Elephantopus scaber [56] | Asteraceae | Leaves |
| Euphorbia nerifollia [57] | Euphorbiacea | Latex |
| Ficus asperifolia [58] | Moraceae | Aqueous extract |
| Ficus racemosa [59] | Moraceae | Root |
| Gentiana lutea [60] | Gentianaceae | Rhizome |
| Gossypium arboretum [61] | Malvaceae | Aqueous extract |
| Gelsemium elegans [62] | Loganiaceae | Leaves |
| Hyptis suaveolens [63] | Lamiaceae | Leaves |
| Heliotropium indicum [64] | Boraginaceae | Whole plant |
| Hippophae rhamnoides [65] | Elaeagnaceae | Seed oil |
| Kalanchoe pinnata [66] | Crassulaceae | Leaf |
| Moringa oleifera [67] | Moringaceae | leaves |
| Naravelia zeylanica [68] | Ranunculaceae | Leaves |
| Ocimum sanctum [69] | Lamiaceae | Whole plant |
| Piper betle [70] | Piperaceae | Leaf |
| Prosopis juliflora [71] | Fabaceae | Leaf |
| Punica granatum [72] | Lythraceae. | Peals |
| Saba florida [73] | Apocynaceae | Leaf |
| Saussurea lappa [74] | Asteraceae | Root |
| Terminalia bellirica [75] | Combretaceae | Fruits |
| Thespesia populnea [76] | Malvaceae | Leaves |
| Toddalia asiatica [77] | Rutaceae | Stem bark |
| Vernonia arborea [78] | Asteraceae | bark |
| Vanda roxburghii [79] | Orchidaceae | Leaves |
| Leucas hirta [80] | Lamiateae | leaves |
Table 1: Plants that heal wound proliferation.
Ethno Pharmacological Validation
Research into conventional injury recuperating cures fall into three classes: (1) herbal medicine cures; (2) the utilization of animal, insect products as wound healing agents; (3) the utilization of life forms/organisms to impact wound healing [29]. In spite of the fact that conventional medications offer a protected, economical methodology to treatment of wounds and blazes, it has not got sufficient significance. One reason to disregard this region is that it falls outside WHO need sickness regions. Another reason is that there is an overarching view that customary arrangement of medicinal services most suit for use with incessant, low-level conditions as opposed to treatment of intense conditions [30].
A third conceivable reason is that wounds what's more, ceaseless injuries have a tendency to be dealt with locally as opposed to being displayed at facilities under the most developed stage of pathology. Disregarding all these there are various plants which have been accounted for their wound healing activity. Most of these studies involve random screening of plant or extracts for wound healing process [31].
The search "regular cures" for a typical issue, for example, wounds has attracted consideration regarding herbals. From antiquated times, herbals have been routinely utilized to treat wounds and in numerous societies their utilization in customary pharmaceutical has persevered to present times. While it is conceivable that some time-tried herbal medicine are to be sure compelling, it is by all accounts regularly the case that the patient knows more about this type of solution than the doctor. Regardless of the different difficulties experienced in the therapeutic plant-based medication disclosure, normal items separated from plants will at present remain a key segment in the pursuit of new prescriptions.
Legitimate usage of these assets and instruments in bio prospecting will surely help in finding novel lead particles from plants by utilizing present day drug disclosure procedures and the planned endeavors of different orders.
The plants reported in the present article are accounted for their wound healing activity. These Plants having wound healing activity are found in and around Tirupathi, Chittoor region, Andhra Pradesh, India are likewise reported. Different plants having wound healing activity, contains flavonoids as chief constituents have been found. Tannins also produce wound healing process through several forms like chelating of the free radicals and reactive species of oxygen, promoting wound contraction and expanding the arrangement of hair like vessels and fibroblasts. Along these lines the process of wound healing is promoted by the phyto constituents in the medicinal plant. Other constituents like Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), other B vitamins, vitamin C, pantothenic corrosive, zinc, ornithine, alpha-ketoglutarate (glutamine), vitamin A, vitamin E, copper, bromelain, thiamine, manganese, copper, silicon, hyaluronic acid, glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate also had a part in wound healing. Pathogenesis and inability to recuperate wounds by the cutting edge prescriptions cleared an approach to herbal medicine [6].
Usage of plants for restorative purposes in India has been recorded long back in old writing since they are vital to human survival. The utilization, administration and valuation of wild plants are focal parts of customary learning in numerous human populaces. Subsequently, plants assembling the dissemination and protection of information inside the group are customary practices that have commitment to the subsistence of numerous societies. Plants and their concentrates have gigantic potential for the administration and treatment of wounds [81]. Accordingly, it is vital to think about and analyze all alternatives accessible with which wound administration might be moved forward. Nonetheless, there is a requirement for investigative approval, institutionalization and security assessment of plants of the customary drug some time recently these could be prescribed for recuperating of the injuries. This survey is a methodology towards the herbal plants having wound healing activity including the perception, depiction, and test examination of indigenous medications and their natural exercises. It depends on natural science, science, organic chemistry, pharmacology, what's more, numerous different orders that add to the disclosure of regular results of natural movement.