Inflammatory Diseases and Their Treatment: A Brief Review

Abstract

The following study throws a light upon the inflammation causing allergies and diseases such as asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, respiratory syncytial virus, airway hyper-reactivity and their treatment for inflammation and symptoms seducing drugs and medication such as Allergen specific immunotherapy, Allergen Immunotherapy, Topical Corticosteroids, NAC anti-oxidant in left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT), corticosteroid (ICS) and miraculous effects of these potential therapeutic treatments in affecting changes in metabolism of the patient etc.

Keywords

Asthma, Inflammation, Allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT)

Introduction

Asthma remains one of the most debated aspects in the field since several decades. Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a quantitative, noninvasive, simple, and safe method of evaluating eosinophilic airway inflammation and irritant-induced asthma affects about one-fifth of workers with the diagnosis of 'occupational asthma [1,2]. Breathing impairment is an early effect of exposure to the vapors or aerosol of nerve agents causing Allergic Rhinitis (AR) which is one of the common chronic diseases in children and with an increase in the incidence during the past 10 years, allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction initiated by immunological mechanisms characterized by the production of elevated levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E along acute toxicity which involves any harmful effects produced in an organism through a single or multiple exposures within molecular based diagnostics (MD) used to map the allergen sensitization of a patient at a molecular level, using allergen components instead of total allergenic extracts of buckwheat allergy when evaluating patients with symptoms suggestive of food allergy, when the reaction follows the ingestion plant profilins are minor allergens, recognized by about 20% of pollen allergic patients and can be responsible for cross reactivity among botanically unrelated pollens completely reversible for narrowing of the airways, chronic allergic inflammation and hyper-responsiveness [3-8].

Inflammatory Diseases

Allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and asthma are caused by sensitization to one or more allergens in susceptible individuals, the time taken for an adverse effect of a drug to manifest itself is longer if the intervening period before recognition of the connection is likely to be induced skin testing results that are usually interpreted by measuring the size of the wheal and flare in reaction to epidermal deposition of antigens in the immunological and inflammatory process which are the underlying cause of asthma attacks that are predominately related to tissue reactions [9-12]. Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear caused by an effect of food allergy is a multifactorial clinical manifestation of an immunological process in which foods, their parts and/or components act as antigens due to important cause of presentation to otorhinolaryngology, pulmonology, internal medicine, pediatrics, and primary care. Nitric oxide (NO), turn to be an important modulator of the inflammation in asthma with respect to a hypothesis that a threshold of tolerance to CM could exist, as studies have previously demonstrated in non-IgE mediated allergies [13-16].

Allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is currently considered the best long term approach to manage environmental allergies, fatigue and burnout are frequently associated with intensive complications of tattooing are being increasingly recognized, and these also include inflammatory skin reactions, transmissible infections, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which is a member of the family P. aramyxoviridae, subfamily P. neumovirinae, which are the most common worldwide cause of epidemic respiratory diseases in children [17-21]. Airway remodeling is frequently associated with a characteristic inflammation that includes eosinophils and TH2 lymphocytes. The force is predominantly determines by the level of ASM activation and concentration-response curve of an isolated tracheal ASM strip. Allergic asthma is an inflammatory airway disease which is characterized by eosinophils and mast cells infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR which has potent effects on airway smooth muscle tone, vascular permeability and mucus secretion which assesses random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessment [22-24].

Tuberculosis, one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, caused by the etiologic agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was first isolated by Robert Koch in 1882. The spread of drug resistant tuberculosis is increasing its treatment is costly and lengthy a new rapid methods of detecting drug resistance (e.g. PCR), are helpful but too costly to be used in developing countries [25-28]. Many ancient diseases even today remains an cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide upon which a wider range of operations were performed and even allowed experimental treatments in certain circumstances wounds are common occurrence, with a rate of one per day it is not uncommon to see contaminated wounds because of lack of hygiene. A novel strain of influenza A [H1N1] virus, presently known as influenza A [H1N1] pdm09 virus, was first identified in Mexico and the United States in April 2009 [29-32].

The evolutionary significance of the geometric increased in prevalence of a specific disease, a form of inflammatory arthritis referred to as spondyloarthropathy suggests either as yet undetermined organismal benefit or an increase in environmental contamination paired motor coordination and irritability and aggression with neurodegenerative diseases intended not only for patients but predominantly for healthy individuals, its aim being to determine whether the risk of development of disease is increased or not [33-36]. The search for new antibiotics must accelerate to avoid returning to the ‘pre-antibiotic’ era ancient remedies, including essential oils and their components, have been explored on a limited basis as a source of new antimicrobials many are known to possess significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. The discovery of the tubercle bacillus on March 24th 1882, by Robert Koch, led to an unprecedented increase in international research efforts, ultimately resulting in the development of a vaccine and many potent antimicrobial agents and treatment regimens [37-40].

The main reason to see the contrary evidences may result from the time point to trace the cell lineage. Expression of the fluorescent marker at a later time point will cause loss of some subpopulation of epithelial cells which may undergo EMT as a result, many infectious diseases have become difficult to treat; in some cases, no treatment options exist [41]. Probiotics are viable microbial species, which are ingested for the purpose of altering the gastrointestinal flora in a manner, which conferred health benefits during the optimal time of the black death, in the fourteenth century, around 75 million people globally perished, mainly through lymphadenitis infection with M. tuberculosis can cause two types of diseases - symptomatic active TB infection (replicating bacteria) or asymptomatic latent TB infection (LBTI, non-replicating bacteria) [42-45]. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the common name given to a family of vaccines against human tuberculosis. Yet, little is known about the interaction of BCG with human monocytes also in preclinical studies, IFNγ seems to be required but not sufficient for protection, and the magnitude of the immune response correlates with the degree of protection. Ancient medicine such as Withania somnifera Dunal is a popular Indian medicinal plant several recent studies have provided evidence for its anti-stress, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, cardioprotective adaptogenic, anti-spasmodic, immunomodulatory and immunostimulant activity, multiple approaches will need to be implemented simultaneously, combining the efforts of government, academic and industrial entities [46-50].

Created in 1921 by the in vitro attenuation of a virulent Mycobacterium bovis in France, genetic and environmental factors play an important role for bacterial occurrence in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in epidemiology of human infectious diseases [51]. The predominant accumulation of aggregated proteins is observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, treated by verapamil, verapamils R-isomer, and norverapamil (a metabolite of verapamil) help inhibit this macrophage-induced drug tolerance to RIF, rifabutin, and INH.Many of the diseases which cause problems in today’s society afflicted Egyptian populations these include tuberculosis, malaria and schistosomiasis the health implications as a system and not as a compartment by compartment analysis is becoming a must in relation to other bacterial diseases leprosy is unusual in terms of the time taken for the infection to become apparent [52-56]. The causative agent, M. leprae multiplies very slowly and the incubation period of the disease is about five years; moreover, symptoms can take as long as twenty years to appear it is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly infects skin macrophages and Schwann cells in peripheral nerves [57-59].

A viable syphilis control option became available in the 20th century with the discovery of penicillin Rhinovirus infections have afflicted humanity since the dawn of civilization, and helpful to treat diseases that were difficult to treat even with medicine In Trinidad where there was a two-tier system of health care, a public health care system in which all services are delivered by the state and are cost free to clients. The first accurate description of syphilis was provided by the Venetian military surgeon Marcello Cumano, who had taken his troops to the battle of Fornovo and fought alongside the armies of Charles VIII of France and the League of Venice one must also consider that there is still much to learn about the pathogenicity and enzoonotic transmission cycles connected to the natural occurrence of this disease [60-65]. The major forms of disease are predominantly paranasal sinus, allergic bronco-pulmonary or pulmonary infections but cardiac, orthopedic, and ophthalmic infectious diseases spreading through air are commonly known as air borne diseases and some of the air borne ancient diseases includes anthrax, influenza, measles, smallpox and tuberculosis. The therapeutic technology required for plant extraction and mixture preparation was another hurdle in establishing an adequate supply prior to the early 80’s where surgeons were able to offer patients one of two definitive surgical therapies for the management of their erectile dysfunction such as implantation of penile prosthesis and penile revascularization the aetiological agent of ChD is T. cruzi - a haemoflagellated protozoan of the Kinetoplastida order and Trypanosomatidae family This discovery can be incorporated into an alternate narrative to the one conventionally associated with the epidemiology of tuberculosis [66-68].

Treatment

EoE is a chronic immuno-allergic-inflammatory disease and the diagnosis of EoE included clinical suspicion, ≥ 15 eosinophils/HPF and exclusion of other diseases such as GERD, adverse events may occur during treatment with Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT), including systemic reactions that may range in severity from cutaneous manifestations to anaphylaxis. Allergen-specific immunotherapy has been used widely for many years, the efficacy and long-term effect of SIT in reducing symptoms, medication, and bronchial reactivity has been well established [69-73]. APAP is frequently prescribed in the medical practice as analgesic and antipyretic during inflammatory process treatments reduced the FENO concentration post-EVH indicating attenuation in airway inflammation with Topical Corticosteroids (TSC) that are the first line of pharmacologic treatment for ACD.0, their anti-inflammatory effects are multifactorial and widespread, affecting lymphocytes, monocytes, recent studies have shown that human CD4+ T cell responses are similar to both the major dog allergen Can f 1 and its human homologue and could have activated circulating basophils in a small number and that they were rapidly responders to stimulus theoretically appeared to be reasonable [74-77].

One can imagine that the reduction of the symptoms should be improved by a longer treatment. The trap and the method of eliminating house dust mites and allergens seemed to be a useful innovation in the prevention of allergy symptoms [78]. The use of allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (SIT) to treat serum cytokine levels in asthmatic patients could have potential utility in diagnosis of asthma and certain phenotypes, in prediction of attacks, and treatment the potential for suppression of the skin response by medications used to treat allergies [79,80]. Increasing numbers of contact sensitization to this product are being reported in patients who are using it to treat dermatitis. Novel inventions such as smart glasses (Google Glass) are a newly developed mobile technology composed of a miniature computer fitted into a pair of eye glasses that had been treated with different types of steroids creams which gave variable and temporary relief, this treatment has become more readily available with the development of preloaded pen devices- 'epinephrine autoinjectors', calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) have been successfully used in the treatment of AD [81-86].

Pimecrolimus inhibits Th1 and Th2 cytokine production, reduces antigen-presenting capacity of DC’s characterized by airway limitation which does not fully remit in addition to symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema [87]. Subcutaneous allergen injections have been the main approach for the administration of immunotherapy, however, this has subsequently been extended to sublingual administration, which offers several advantages compared with the subcutaneous route, the treatment with the anti-IgE and omalizumab is not effective on symptoms or eosinophil counts in biopsyisease of the nasal mucosa caused by immunoglobulin-E mediated reaction to various allergens [88-90]. Oral steroids are very effective but long-term treatment is limited by adverse effects for intractable cases, treatment with anti-IgE infusions and infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin appear successful, specific pulmonary vasodilatory effect of NO can be used to treat hypoxemia in ALI primarily by reducing PVR treated with systemic administration of corticosteroids (soluble prednisolone 0.5mg/kg×4/day) and inhaled beta stimulant (salbutamol 0.1ml q 4-8hrs) for 4 or 5 days after admission [91-95].

NAC anti-oxidant pre-treatment prior to left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), treatment of allergic diseases is based on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy for symptom relief, and allergen-specific immunotherapy, Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT), however, represents a long established treatment for respiratory allergies such as Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is currently regarded as the mainstay of asthma management and its introduction resulted in a decrease of asthma death [96,97]. A biopsy of the bronchial mucosa revealed moderate signs of inflammation with infiltration of lymphocytes and few plasma cells with these potential therapeutic treatments in affecting changes in iron metabolism in lung injury and inflammation. Treating sepsis during its mild stage is critical because the likelihood of multisystem organ dysfunction increases as it progresses [98-100].

Susceptibility to the following antimicrobial drugs was determined according to the product documents for Staphylococcus species radical surgery to clean the area with open treatment, with histological findings of fibrosis, hair glands, and rare macrophages inducing aggressive surgical treatment combined with broad-spectrum antibiotic and intensive medical care those treated with levofloxacin, amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav were generally protected with survival of 97%, 95% and 79%, respectively showing health implications of hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, the catecholamines, epinephrine, and nor-epinephrin [101,102]. The pH1N1 and H3N2 circulating, remains with high levels of resistance to adamantine and rimantadine but all circulating virus were susceptible to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir vasoactive ones and of those irritating the vein wall, parenteral nutrition, large volume replacement, hemodialysis, and hemodynamic monitoring. Standard regimen of oral metronidazole would yield an effective local concentration of metronidazole against E. gingivalis cells in periodontal lesions. The present review covers the literature published concerning secondary metabolites refers to infectious or noninfectious conditions in which there is abnormal inflammation of the aortic wall as a result of septic shock due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is probably an iceberg phenomenon in that a large number of cases go undetected [103-105].

The most frequent MDR was resistance to fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and clindamycin, improving influenza vaccination rates continues to be a challenge faced by healthcare providers every flu season. Agranulocytosis or acute neutropenia is characterized by a profound decrease or an absolute lack of circulating granulocytes, classically resulting in a neutrophil count for retrospective analyses of clinical, microbiological and demographic features of outpatients and inpatients widely used for indirect detection of Mtb infection, but TST use was limited by the high false-positive rate caused by bacilli Calmette-Guerin Susceptibility to clindamycin and gentamicin was not significantly different between the two halves of the study period [106-108]. All CA-MRSA isolates were sensitive to rifampicin and vancomycin. Although it is considered a rare entity, misdiagnosis is not acceptable due to its fatal outcome for those who were not under treatment at the time of sample collection. Although it is not indicated if the measured cortisol levels were of free cortisol or bound cortisol they may also exist in city reservoirs and persist after water treatment, as the cysts are reluctant to traditional water treatment methods and timing of upcoming influenza epidemic could greatly assist in early preparations and developing mitigation strategies [109,110].

Early detection of venous system perforation and immediate treatment are of crucial importance for these cumulative data support the use of metronidazole and derivatives in the treatment of periodontal disease due to the IGRAs have considerable utility for Mtb infection control in medical facilities. Close physical examination with a thorough medical history may set the alarm and events of the last decade have highlighted the possibility for Bacillus anthracisto be used as a biological weapon through deliberate release [111]. Whilst outbreaks of anthrax occur in several countries counting for high mortality and costs associated with postsurgical CDI indicate the necessity of prompt identification of high risk patients so that rapid diagnosis and timely treatment being applied. Awareness of the risk factors for PJI can help prevent them by means of implementing the measures that affect them. It is well established that increasing the duration of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis fails to reduce the rate of infection multitherapy consisting of the mixture of five first-line drugs INH, RIF, Ethambutol (EMB), Streptomycin (STR) and/or Pyrazinamide (PYR), a treatment lasting up to 6–8 months nonspecific or the first symptoms often result from expansion or rupture of an aneurysmdiagnosing tuberculosis infection requires between 2-6 weeks for the bacilli to grow in culture [112-115].

Vancomycin can be used to treat MRSA infections. Clindamycin resistance represented 17% for IP-MRSA, OP-MRSA, 58% and CCMRSA, 63% Patient perceptions of influenza vaccine formulations and delivery systems available might influence their decision to receive the seasonal flu vaccine, thereby impacting vaccination rates restrictions of broad spectrum antibiotics and strict policy of surgical chemoprophylaxis, may contribute to further reduction of this infectious disease [116,117]. A prolonged prophylaxis with antibiotics has been shown to be a risk factor for selecting resistant bacterial floratopical antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of skin infections. Polymyxin B, bacitracin, silver sulfadiazine, prophylaxis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis have been published recently and although this has been an important achievement for Cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) is a multifunctional matrix cellular protein that has recently emerged as a potential player in injury-repair mechanisms involving the regulation of inflammatory responses. practicing by give hard and dry food during Diarrhea episodes when an bone infection presents itself, treatment choice becomes for some really difficult and complicated injections became essential medical treatment being coadjuvants in the treatments currently prescribed methods such as ciprofloxacin gentamycin and tobramycin are effective topical antibiotics that are used in the treatment of cutaneous pseudomonas infections prophylaxis, empirical treatment and treatment of a probable or proven fungal infection [118-122]. Whether or not prophylaxis is used in a certain center depends on many factors such as local epidemiology, the possibility for isolation in hepa filtered activation marker sP-selectin, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and neutrophil accumulation and revealing that CCN1 levels increase during these early stages of tissue injury characterized by inflammatory activation. treatment with circular fixators and bone transport, the achievement of the goals set close to 99% with treatment times vary based on the amount of the osteo-cutaneous loss, is not only injections which are harmful, any scarification or exchange of blood can lead to transfer of infection [123-126].

Conclusion

Through the following study we have sufficient evidence upon the role of inflammation as an symptom of the causative allergies and diseases such as asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, respiratory syncytial virus, airway hyper-reactivity and their treatment for inflammation and symptoms seducing drugs and medication consist of wide range of therapeutics with promising future development with respect to efficiency in symptom suppression such as Allergen specific immunotherapy, Allergen Immunotherapy, Topical Corticosteroids, NAC anti-oxidant in left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT), corticosteroid (ICS) and miraculous effects of these potential therapeutic treatments in affecting changes in metabolism of the patient etc.

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76. Sabbah I, Arifhodzic N, Al-Ahmad MS, Al-Enizi A, Al-Haddad A, et al. Influence of Air Quality Conditions on Asthmatic Patient Visits in Kuwait. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:197.
77. Vitzthum HG, Wolf H, Schnitker J, WÃstenberg E. Tolerability of the SQ-Standardised Grass Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablet in Adult Patients during Routine Administration–A Non-Interventional Observational Study. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:198.
78. Ridolo E, Montagni M, Melli V, Olivieri E, Fornaroli F, et al. A Role for Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Poly-Sensitized Allergic Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical and Endoscopic Features. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:199.
79. Varney VA, Warner A. The Successful Use of Vitamin D in Physical Urticaria. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:200.
80. Sur G, Emanuela F, Donca V, (Nicoara) Simona T. The Quality of Life - An Indicator of Fair Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:202.
81. William Frankland A, Warner JA. Human Saliva Acting as an Allergen. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:193.
82. Spínola A, Guimarães J, Santos M, Lau C, Teixeira MA, et al. Are Basophils and T helper 2 Cells Implicated in Mastocytosis? J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:192.
83. Jonniaux E, Mailleux AC. House Dust Mites Avoidance and Allergic Children: A Prospective Study of a New Strategy. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:191.
84. Mincarini M, Rogkakou A, Balbi F, Passalacqua G. Allergen Specific Immunotherapy in Asthma. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:190.
85. Zedan M, Bakr A, Shouman B, Zaghloul H, Al-Haggar M, et al. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of IL4C-590T and IL4RA 175V and Immunological Parameters in Egyptian Asthmatics with Different Clinical Phenotypes. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:189.
86. Michalska-Krzanowska G. Skin Prick Test in the Diagnosis of Allergy in the Perioperative Period – 8 Year Experience. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:188
87. Eberting CL, Coman G, Blickenstaff N. Repairing a Compromised Skin Barrier in Dermatitis: Leveraging the Skin’s Ability to Heal Itself. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:187.
88. Hamann CR, Hamann D, Sager K, Dameff C, Tully J, et al. Allergy Consultation via Smart Glasses: Cases Reports of Real-Time Clinical Decision Support for Suspected Oral Metal Allergy. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5: 186.
89. Welsh E, Goldenberg A, Welsh O, Jacob SE. Contact Dermatitis: Therapeutics When Avoidance Fails. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:185.
90. Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR. The Effect of Combining Fish Oil and Vitamin C on Airway Inflammation and Hyperpnea-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthma. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:184.
91. García NP, Lores OF, Fuentes DP, Martínez DT, Hernandez JB, et al. Reduction of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Acetaminophen Overdoses in a Mouse Model of Inflammation Induced by Freund´s Adjuvants. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5: 183.
92. Bozek A, Gawlik R, Jarzab J. The Prevention of New Sensitizations by Specific Immunotherapy: A Long-Term Observational Case Control Study. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5: 182.
93. Fahmy DC, Lee JK. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ingestion as a Risk Factor to Anaphylaxis During Immunotherapy: a Case Series. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5: 181.
94. Rea F, D’Urbano LE, Luciano R, Muraca M, Dall’Oglio L, et al. Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Ige-Mediated Allergy in Children: Specific Ige by Component-Based-Allergen Microarray. J Allergy Ther 2014; 5:180.
95. Mitchell JR. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Direct Ventricular Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation in an Oleic Acid Induced Acute Lung Injury Model: A Review. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:001.
96. Isozaki A, Shoda T, Tanaka A, Sugai K, Nakamura Y, et al. Prevalence of astroesophageal Reflux of Wheezers in Infancy and Early Childhood. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:002.
97. Singleton PA, Lennon FE. Acute Lung Injury Regulation by Hyaluronan. J Aller Ther 2011; S4:003
98. Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. The Role of Iron Metabolism in Lung Inflammation and Injury. J Aller Ther 2012; S4:004
99. Zhao Y, Fu P, Zhao J, Mialki RK, Wei J, et al. Sepsis by using Cecal Ligation and Single Puncture Causes Alveolar Space Enlargement in LPA2 Knockout Mice. J Aller Ther 2012; S4:005
100. Yazid S, Leonardi A, Calder V, Flower R. Identification of the 37kda Annexin-A1 Protein in Tears of Normal Subjects and Association of its 33kda Inactive Form with Active Vernal Kerato Conjunctivitis Patients. J Aller Ther 2012; S7:007.
101. Turhan A. Immune System Behavior during Herpesvirus Infection in Childhood. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e104.
102. Mousa HA. The Hidden Scene behind the High Prevalence of Giardiasis and Other Infectious Diseases in Certain Developing Countries. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e106.
103. Perini AP. Influenza, What’s Is Going On?. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:e105.
104. Herman J, Bachleda P, Cerna M, Prasil V, Santavy P. Iatrogenic Injury to the Superior Vena Cava and Brachiocephalic Vein. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:169.
105. Eloufir F, Khelaifia S, Aboudharam G, Drancourt M. In Vitro Activity of Metronidazole against Entamoeba Gingivalis. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:170.
106. Fujiwara H, Nishimura T, Iketani O, Takano Y, Sakai A, et al. Discordance between Two Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Healthcare Workers. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:171.
107. Taniguchi J, Yoshinaga M, Kucho Y, Watanabe M, Kushida C. Longitudinal Changes in Clinical Epidemiology and Drug Sensitivity of Communityassociated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Hospital in Japan. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:172.
108. Piazzalunga D, Coccolini F, Colaianni N, Manfredi R, Lunghi A, et al. Epidural Abscess Secondary to Paravertebral Pyomyositis in a Patient with a Sacrococcygeal Suppurated Cyst. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:173.
109. Aguirre BA, Garcia EG, Cebrian Carretero JL, Garcia MB. Early Diagnosis of Necrotizing Fasciitis of Unknown Origin: A Challenge to Prevent the Delay of Surgical Treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:174.
110. Hatch GJ, Bate SR, Crook A, Jones N, Funnell SG, et al. Efficacy Testing of Orally Administered Antibiotics against an Inhalational Bacillus anthracis Infection in BALB/C Mice. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:175.
111. Masgala A, Delis SG, Dervenis C. Clostridium Difficile Infection: An Increasing Postsurgical Complication. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:176.
112. Barbero JM, Montero E, Agudo R, García M, Rebollar A, et al. Can too Much Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty Surgery be Harmful? Results of a Series of Cases Study. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:177.
113. Yeniay Y, Açikgöz G. A Case of Genital Erosion Associated with Cutaneous Pseudomonas putida Infection and Review of the Literature. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:178.
114. Pandey R, Barman P, Sengupta S. Ralstonia Pickettii Bacteremia. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:179.
115. Werff JV, Akker MV. Invasive Aspergillosis in Children: Where Do We Stand?. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:180.
116. Hviid CV, Pripp AH, Aasen AO, Danckert-Krohn C. Postoperative Accumulation of Cyr61/CCN1 in Surgical Wound Fluid Precedes Cytokine Activation and is Disparate from Systemic Alterations. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:181.
117. Amare D, Dereje B, Kassie B, Tessema M, Mullu G, et al. Maternal Knowledge and Practice Towards Diarrhoea Management in Under Five Children in Fenote Selam Town, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2: 182.
118. Catagni MA. Bone Infection: Therapeutical Pearls Based on Evidence of 458 Cases on Infected Pseudoarthrosis and Other Cases of Bone Infection in the Department of Orthopedics of Lecco from 1981 to 2011. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:183.
119. Wyatt HV. The Curse of Unnecessary and Unsterile Injections. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:184.
120. iménez-Arellanes MA, Gutiérrez-Rebolledo G, Rojas-Tomé S, Meckes-Fischer M. Medicinal Plants, an Important Reserve of Antimycobacterial and Antitubercular Drugs: An Update. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:185.
121. Chemchik H, Achèche W, Amara A, Abidi S, Kotas C, et al. Infectious Thoracic Aortitis: A Case Report. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:186.
122. Ray U, Dutta S, Sutradhar A. Septic Shock in a Patient with Tubercular Liver Abscess. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:188.
123. Wareg SE, Foster HA, Daw MA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from Healthcare and Community Facilities in Libya Show a High Level of Resistance to Fusidic Acid. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:189
124. Bailey JCW. Employing a Multifaceted Approach Aimed at Increasing Influenza Vaccination Rates. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:190.
125. Andrès E, Mourot R, Keller O, Serraj K, Vogel T. Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis in Elderly Patients: Diagnosis and Management of Life-Threatening Infections and Septic Shock . J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:191.
126. Correal JCD, Sant’Anna LO, Carvalho AFC, Seraphim CPAC, Mendes GB, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones Resistant Escherichia Coli in Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. J Infect Dis Ther 2014; 2:192.