International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

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Infrared investigations for the chemical reactions of alkaline earth metal hydroxides with urea at boiling point in aqueous media

Samy M. El-Megharbel1,2, Ahmed El-Maghraby1,3 and Moamen S. Refata4
  1. Taif University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 888 Taif, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
  2. Zagazig University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
  3. National Research Center,Ceramic Department, Dokki, Tahrir st., Egypt
  4. Port Said University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said, Egypt
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Abstract

Synthesized of alkaline earth metal carbonate slats of Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) in alkaline medium were spectroscopically discussed. The chemical reaction of an aqueous solutions of metal chloride ions (CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2), ammonium hydroxide and urea with molar ratio 1:2:10, respectively, at ~ 100 oC for 3 hrs. The infrared spectra of the results indicate absence of the essential bands of urea, but existed of the characteristic bands of ionic carbonate, CO3 2–. The chemical reaction equations were suggested under the role of metals ions in the decomposition of urea at low temperature in comparable with urea itself.

Keywords
carbonate CO3 2–, infrared spectra, alkaline earth metals, ammonia and urea.

I. INTRODUCTION
Urea is physiologically very important. It is the chief nitrogenous product of protein metabolism. Urea has a melting point of 132C, soluble in water and ethanol, but insoluble in ether. Urea is used for preparing formaldehyde- Urea resin (plastics) [1], barbiturates [2], and fertilizers [3-6]. Urea is also extensively used in the paper industry to soften cellulose and has been used to promote healing in infected wounds and many other applications in the field of biological and organic synthesis [7-10].
Yamaguchi and Stewart [11, 12] were assigned all of the observed frequencies in the spectra of urea and urea-d4. The two vibrations of the frequencies at 1686 and 1603cm-1 were assigned as the 1686 cm-1 band due to CO stretching vibration and the 1603 cm-1 band for NH2 bending motion. The calculations studied by Yamaguchi showed that for the band at 1686 cm-1, the contribution of the NH2 bending motion is greater than that of CO stretching motion. The infrared bands of urea-d4 observed at 1245 and 1154 cm-1 are assigned to ND2 bending vibrations. This assignment is consistent with the observed depolarization degrees of the Raman lines. The 1464cm-1 frequency of urea is assigned to the CN stretching vibration. The corresponding frequency of urea-d4 is observed at 1490cm-1. The 1150cm-1 band is assigned to NH2 rocking vibrations. The reactions between transition metal ions and urea at room temperature have been studied extensively [13-17]. The infrared spectra of these complexes clearly indicated that urea molecule behaves as a mono dentate ligand and coordinates to the metal ions through the oxygen atom and not the nitrogen atom. The nature of the reaction products depend strongly on the type of metal ions and so the metal salt used. The novelty in our previously studies [18-27] were oriented to the reaction of urea ligand with different metals such as Co(II), pb(II), Sn(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Au(III), Sn(IV), V(V) and Mo(IV) at high temperature which demonstrate that the types of metal ions beside their anions have a pronounced effect on the nature of the reaction products. The published papers were trended for the reaction of urea with different metal salts at elevated temperature lead to discovering a novel method for preparation pbCO3 and CoCO3 [21], lanthanide carbonates [23,27], limonite, FeO(OH) [20], 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 [19], SnOCl2.2H2O [18], (Cr2O3, MnO2, MoO3 and WO3) oxides resulted from a novel oxidation reduction reaction between (K2CrO4 or K2Cr2O7), KMnO4, Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4, respectively, with urea in an aqueous solution at ~ 85 oC [27]. The important point in this paper was refereed to identify the nature of the reaction mechanisms of the products resulted during the reaction of (CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2), ammonia and urea with molar ratio 1:2:10, respectively, at ~ 100 oC for 3 hrs in aqueous media. The reaction products were isolated as solids and characterized by infrared spectroscopy technique.

II. EXPERIMENTAL
All chemicals used throughout this work were analytical pure. MCO3 (M = Ca(II), Sr(II) or Ba(II)) were prepared by mixing an aqueous solutions (100 ml) of 0.1M of urea, 0.02 of ammonia with 0.01M of the respective CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2. The mixtures were heated at 100 oC for 3 hrs in a hot plate. The solid products compounds were filtered off, washed several times with hot water, dried at 100 oC in an oven for 3 hours and then placed in vacuo over anhydrous calcium chloride. The yields of the obtained Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) carbonates were varied in the range 60-to-65% depending upon the type of metal as well as on the counter ions associated with the metal ion.
Carbonate content in the four compounds were determined by dissolving a sample of each product in excess standard HCl and the excess of HCl was determined using standard sodium carbonate [28]. The percentage of calcium(II), strontium(II), and barium(II) in their compounds were determined gravimetrically method till constant weight and stable formula. The infrared spectra of urea, all reactants and products were recorded using a Bruker FT-IR Spectrophotometer.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chemical reactions of 0.1M of urea, 0.02 of ammonia with 0.01M of the respective CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2 with molar ratio (10: 2: 1), respectively, at 100 o C produces a white fine solid powders. The infrared spectra of urea as well as the reaction products of different CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2 salts with urea at boiling point of water were obtained. The spectra of free urea ligand, calcium(II), strontium(II) and barium(II) carbonates are shown in Fig. 1 and 2, respectively. The band assignments for the products are given in Table 1. The infrared spectra show no bands due to any of the reactants and of coordinated urea, but instead, a group of bands characteristic for the ionic carbonate, (CO3)2-, is appeared [29]. Based on this fact, along with that obtained data from the volumetric determination of (CO3)2- group with standard solution of HCl and beside that the infrared spectra of the commercially obtained CaCO3, SrCO3 and BaCO3 are the same as that of the reaction products. The products obtained were identified as CaCO3, SrCO3 and BaCO3. The infrared assignments agree quite well with those known [29] for the ionic carbonate (CO3)2-.
The inhibiting action of amides and alkaline earth element acetates on the corrosion of metals gives a practical importance to the investigation of their reaction in aqueous solutions. The reaction of urea with alkaline-earth metals in aqueous solutions has been studied by a number of workers [30-34]. In case of CO(NH2)2-M(CH3COO)- H2O (M=Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba) systems [35,36], the tendency of the alkaline earth elements to form complexes with urea decreases as its ionic radius increases. Thus magnesium(II) forms a complex with two molecules of urea, calcium(II) forms a complex with one molecule of urea, while strontium and barium acetates don’t react. The complexes [2CO(NH2)2.Mg(CH3COO)2] and [CO(NH2)2.Ca(CH3COO)2], are identified by elemental, X-ray phase, thermogravimetric analysis. The system MgCl2-CO(NH2)2-H2O has been studied [30]. Its solubility isotherm at O consists of three branches. The two branches on the outside correspond to the crystalline of urea and MgCl2.6H2O, while the middle branch corresponds to MgCl2.4CO(NH2)2. With a further temperature rise to 15, the hydrated complex MgCl2.CO(NH2)2.4H2O is formed. At 30 another complex, [MgCl2.6CO(NH2)2] is formed. All of these complexes are congruently soluble and are precipitated in crystalline forms. At 45 the complex [MgCl2.10CO(NH2)2] is formed. The bond between MgCl2 and urea is formed through the oxygen of the carbonyl group, as indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The role of M(II) (Ca, Sr or Ba(II)) ions in decomposing the coordinated urea at high temperature may be understood as follows.
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The (CO3)2- ion is planar and therefore, it belongs to the D3h symmetry. It is expected to display four modes of vibrations, A`1 + A``2 + 2E` (E` is a doubly degenerate motion). The vibration A`1 is only Raman active while the other 2, 3 and 4 are infrared active. In Table 1, the stretching vibrations of the type; (C-O); 3(E`) is observed as a strong broad band in the range of 1418-1458 cm-1 while the stretching vibration (C-O); 1(A`1) is observed in the region ~1060-1080 cm-1 as a medium-to-weak band. It should be indicated here that this motion (A`1) should be infrared inactive, its weak appearance in the spectrum of MCO3 could be related to weak solid-solid interactions causes the symmetry of CO3 2- to be lowered than D3h. The out of plane of vibration (OCO); 2(A``2) is observed in the range of ~850 cm-1 as a strong band while, the angle deformation bending vibration (OCO); 4(E`) appear in the range of 692- 711 cm-1 as a medium strong.
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Fig. 2: Infrared spectrum of (A): SrCO3.xH2O,(B): CaCO3.xH2O and (C): BaCO3.xH2O prepared compounds .

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