Research & Reviews: Journal of Pure and Applied Physics
MenuISSN: 2320-2459
ISSN: 2320-2459
1Department of Physics, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal College, Dondaicha, Maharashtra 425408, India.
2Department of Physics, MJ College Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.
Received date: 11/06/2013 Revised date: 17/06/2013 Accepted date: 23/06/2013
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Strontium cerium oxide Sr2CeO4 doped Sm3+ phosphor was synthesized by solid state reaction method at temperature 12000 C for 4h. The powder samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, Fourier Transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Scanning Electron microscope (ESM), Energy dispersive spectra (EDS), and photoluminescence. The X-Ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystallite size and the structure is orthorhombic. Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra of Sr2Ce O4: xSm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) are recorded at room temperature. The color co-ordinates for the Sr2Ce O4: 1.0 mol % Sm3+ were x =0 .6687 and y = 0.3311.This phosphor has a good potential for applications in display devices.
Photoluminescence, solid state reaction method, Sr2CeO4, XRD, phosphor.
The Rare earth materials have attracted much attention for their impressive applications in artificial light, X-ray medical radiography, lamps and display devices [1,2]. The discovery and development of new phosphor materials is of great importance for the advance of flat panel display and illumination technology. Compared with organic materials and sulfide phosphors, oxide-based phosphors have the advantage: stable crystalline structure and high physical and chemical stability. Therefore, oxide-based phosphors, especially rare earth-based oxide phosphor are attracting more and more attention [3,4,5]. It has been found that the luminescence materials with low-dimensional structures generally exhibit special luminescence properties [6,7]. Sr2CeO4 consists of infinite edge-sharing CeO6 octahedra chains separated by Sr atoms. Luminescence originates from a ligand to metal Ce4+ charge transfer. The broad emission band of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor 471 nm is suitable for the doping of rare earth ions in pursuing new luminescent materials. The rare earth materials exhibit excellent sharp- emission luminescence properties with suitable sensitization and effectively used in designing of white light emitting materials [6,7,8,9]. In this paper, the formation process, micro-structure and luminescent properties of the synthesized Sr2CeO4 : xSm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) were investigated.
The starting materials were Strontium Carbonate SrCO3, Cerium Oxide CeO2, and Samarium Oxide Sm2O3 of 99.9 % purity. These materials were taken in Stoichiometric proportions of Sr: Ce as 2:1. SrCO3 and CeO2 with rare earth were weighed in molecular stoichiometry. These all materials were ground in an agate mortar and pestle, grinded thoroughly to get fine powder. This powder was taken in alumina crucible. After closing the cover, the crucible was loaded in furnace and heated to the temperature 1200 °C at the rate 300 °C/hr. The samples were kept at the set temperature for four hours then cooled down naturally. All samples were prepared by same technique.
The structural studies were carried out by X- ray diffraction technique in reflection mode with filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54051 A0 with Rigaku, D Max III VC, Japan. Raman spectra were recorded on Renishow Invia Raman microscope. The FTIR spectrums were recorded on SHIMADZU IR Affinity -1 model transmission spectrometer with KBr pellet method over the range 400- 4000 cm-1 The photoluminescence spectra was recorded at room temperature using Spectrofluorophotometer (SHIMADZU, RF – 5301 PC) using Xenon lamp as excitation source.
The typical X-ray diffraction pattern of the resultant Sr2CeO4:xSm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) phosphors prepared via the solid state reaction method are shown in fig. 1. The patterns of the samples (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) were well consistent with the data indicated in JCPDS card No. 50-0115 [2] and structure of Sr2CeO4 phosphor is orthorhombic. The calculated average crystallite size of the Sr2CeO4 phosphor is 22 nm [7]. When Samarium doped with Sr2CeO4 the crystallite size is increases which is shown in table 1.
Figure 1: XRD Pattern of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+
Table 1: Showing Crystallite size for different concentration.
As doping concentration increases from 0 to 1.5 %, the crystallinity of Sr2CeO4: xSm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) phosphor was decrease slightly with the increase in doping amount of Sm3+. Samarium ions were doped to substitute strontium ions in the host lattice of Sr2CeO4 due to the similar ionic radius and electric charge. However the difference of ionic radius of Sr2+ (For 6-coordination, ionic radius of Sm3+ (0.0958 nm) was smaller than that of Sr2+ (0.118 nm), would lead to destroy the crystal structure of Sr2CeO4, resulting in the formation of SrCeO3 and decrease in crystallinity of sr2CeO4.
In order to study the morphology of the Sr2CeO4: Sm3+, SEM analysis was carried out. Figure 2 a) shows the SEM photograph of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+ powder prepared via the solid state reaction method heating at 1200 °C for 4h. From the results it is clear that the particles of Sr2CeO4: 1 mol % Sm3+ is in irregular shape and loosely agglomerated. EDS was performed to further confirm the composition of the obtained products. Figure 2 b) indicates that the product is composed of Sr, Ce, O, and Sm with an approximate molar ratio of 1.99:1:4:0.01, which is in good agreement with those of the feed.
Figure 2: a) SEM of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+and b) EDS of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+
The synthesized Sr2CeO4: x mol % Sm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) prepared by solid state reaction method has been subjected to Fourier transform infrared studies, which are used to analyze qualitatively the presence of functional group in the powder. The FTIR spectrums of powders were recorded using IR affinity-1 made by Shimadzu FTIR Spectrometer by KBr pellet technique. The FTIR spectrum of the Sr2CeO4 is shown in Fig. 3. The peaks at 2316 cm-1 are assigned to water molecules that may be present due to absorption of moisture. usually present in KBr respectively. The absorption peaks at 1444, 1072, and 486 cm-1 were assigned to stretching characteristics of SrCO3 [4].
Figure 3:FTIR spectra of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+.
Raman spectroscopy is very useful tool to determine the phase and structure of multioxide system [6]. The figure 4 shows room temperature Raman spectra of Sr2-CeO4: x mol % Sm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) sample calcineted at 1200 °C temperature for 4h. The Raman band at 557 cm-1 is assigned to symmetric stretching mode of SrCO3 which coincide well with the IR features. The band at 553 cm-1 is attributed to antisymmetric bending vibration. Two strong Raman bands at 286 and 385 cm-1 are detected, which can be attributed to the stretching modes of the Ce-O2 and Ce-O1 of CeO6 octahedra in Sr2CeO4 respectively. So the contribution of Ce-O2 bonds increases corresponding with Ce-O1 bonds to induce the charge transfer [5], which related to the luminescence of this material.
Figure 4:Raman Spectrum of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+.
Luminescent Properties
The excitation spectra of solid state reaction derived Sr2CeO4: xSm3+ (0.5 ≤ x ≤1.5) calcinated at 1200 °C for 4h, as shown in figure 5. The excitation spectra is broad spectra from 220 to 400 nm and centered located at 356 nm. The broad band could be assigned to the legend to-metal charge transfer from O2- to Ce4+.
Figure 5: Excitation spectra of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+
The emission bands in figure 6 can be attributed into two groups corresponding to different transition of Sm3+ [6]. The emission peak at 568 nm corresponds to 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, transition, 611nm corresponds to 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition and the transition 653 nm corresponds to 4G5/2 → 6H9/2, the strongest emission peak located at 611 nm showing prominent and red light is due to the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 magnetic dipole transition of Sm3+.
Figure 6: Emission spectra of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+.
To study the effect of trivalent samarium doping and to see the effect of the same on the emission characteristics of the host, photoluminescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for the Sr2CeO4: xSm3+ (x= 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) as shown in figure 2 Under excitation with 320 nm wavelength the emission spectra shows the broad Ce4+-O2- charge transfer band in the blue region superimposed with the Sm3+ emission lines in the yellow and red region. These spectral features are characteristic of intra-configurationally f-f transitions of the RE ions. Because tetravalent cerium in Sr2CeO4 has no 4f electrons, emissions are due to the presence of Sm3+ having five 4f electrons. But on increasing the samarium concentration the sharp lines of the samarium emission appear prominently and the Ce4+-O2- CT transitions of the host decreases relatively. The narrow lines are assigned to the transitions from the between 4G5/2 excited state to the lower 6HJ (J = 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2) energy levels of the ground multiplets of Sm3+. According to the selection rules [15] magnetic dipole transitions that obey J = 0 and ±1 (J = total angular momentum) are allowed for Sm3+ in a site with inversion symmetry. The emission spectra for the Sr2CeO4 sample were peaking at the 469nm but when doped with samarium, the emission spectra are dominated by the red 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition centered at 611nm. Additional emission were observed at the 568 and 653nm ascribed to the 4G5/2→6H5/2 and 4G5/2→6H9/2 transitions, respectively.
The emission spectra shows broad Ce4+-O2- CT emission band in the blue-green region superimposed with the Sm3+ emission lines in the yellow and orange-red regions. It is further observed from the emission spectra of Sr2CeO4: xSm (0.5 to 2%), that as the samarium concentration increases, the photoluminescence intensity at 468nm goes on decreasing but the intensity at 568nm and 611nm shows an increase for Samarium (0.5mol%) concentrations.
CIE Co-ordinates
Most lighting specifications refer to colour in terms of the 1931 CIE chromatic colour coordinates which recognize that the human visual system uses three primary colours: red, green, and blue. The dominant wavelength is the single monochromatic wavelength that appears to have the same colour as the light source. The dominant wavelength can be determined by drawing a straight line from one of the CIE white illuminants (Cs (0.3101, 0.3162)), through the (x, y) coordinates to be measured, until the line intersects the outer locus of points along the spectral edge of the 1931 CIE chromatic diagram [12,13,14].
The colour co-ordinates for the pure Sr2CeO4 were x = 0.1515 and y = 0.1674 and Sm, doped Sr2CeO4 phosphors were x=0.6687 and y=0.3311. Figure 7 illustrates the CIE chromaticity diagram for the emissions of pure and Sm3+, (1.0mol %) doped Sr2CeO4. This phosphor having colour tenability from blue to white light and has potential for application in the lighting system.
Figure 7:CIE co-ordinates for Sr2CeO4: Sm3+.
Sr2CeO4: xSm3+ (x = 0.5, 1.0, 2%), was successfully synthesized by solid state reaction method. The XRD study confirms that the Sm3+ doped Sr2CeO4 compound has orthorhombic structure at room temperature. The EDS studies confirm the formation of Sr2CeO4: Sm3+. The average crystallite size of the trivalent Samarium doped with Sr2CeO4 the crystallite size is 68 nm. The emission peaks at 568nm corresponds to 4G5/2 →6H5/2, 611nm corresponds to 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 and the transition 653nm corresponds to 4G5/2 → 6H9/2, the strongest emission peak located at 611 nm showing prominent and red light is due to the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition of Sm3+. The color co-ordinates for Sr2CeO4: 1.0 mol % Sm3+ were x = 0.6687 and y = 0.3311. Solid state reaction method proved to be very promising for the controlled preparation of phosphor material, with an even better CIE chromacity index than reported previously. The result shows this phosphor has potential application in the field of emission devices.
The author expresses their sincere thanks to Prof. K.V.R. Murthy to provide lab facility. Also thankful to Dr. N. O. Girase, the Principal, and Dr. K. D. Girase, vice Principal, S. V. S’s Dadasaheb Rawal College Dondaicha for continuous encouragement.