Research Article Open Access

Optimization of Reproduction in Dairy Animals

Abstract

Reproductive performance is one of the important factors for determining the economics of livestock production. Factors leading to sub fertility or infertility can broadly be classified as hereditary, physiological, nutritional, manage mental, environmental, pathological, psychological, immunological incompatibility and immune-deficiency syndromes. Keeping these factors in mind, a multifaceted research project was planned out under various subtitles as under, constituting 1000 cross bred cows and Murrah buffaloes , 50 exotic cross bred goats from NDRI and CIRB institutes of ICAR, few thousands rural buffaloes and cows in 32 villages around Karnal- India, 30 male sheep from the college of veterinary and animal sciences Bikaner, India and 100 buffalo genital organs from abattoir, Barely(UP) for the biometry at the college of veterinary and animal science Pantnagar.
Biometry of buffalo genitalia: The first step to be taken to ensure the enhancement of reproductive efficiency was to do biometry of the buffalo genitalia in order to assess the necessary operations involved during artificial breeding. The study suggested that the measurements of cervix, corpus uterus, uterine horns, fallopian tubes and ovaries of 100 adult buffaloes indicated that the organs were slightly smaller than in foreign breeds of cows. The average length of left ovaries was found to be 2.44cm, width1.34cm, thickness 1.58cm, weight 3.32 gm. and of right ovaries as 2.36cm, 1.37cm, 1.64 cm, weight 3.13 gm., respectively [1].
Antigenic studies of RAM (male sheep) semen subjected to auto immunization.
Electrophoreses of sperm and seminal plasma antigens in male sheep subjected to auto immunization. Induction and synchronization of estrus correction of reproductive disorders in farm and rural dairy animals. Monitor the process of follicular and luteal development using ovarian sonogram, laparoscope, surgical (laparotomy) and nonsurgical procedures.
Collection and preservation of male & female germ plasma, super ovulation, embryo collection and transfer (ETT), IVM, IVF and cloning.
Estimations of Macro- Micro minerals during anestrum, repeat breeding, puerperal and post-partum phases of reproduction.
Induction of parturition, early pregnancy diagnosis (EPD) based on progesterone estimations in blood plasma and milk by RIA
Monitoring of endocrine profiles including prostaglandin F2α, FSH, LH, estradiol-17β, progesterone, cortisol and prolactin during various phases of post birth, growth , puberty, maturation, reproductive cycle (follicular & ovulation) , puerperal partum, postpartum, and pregnancy.
Effects of different season body weight and weaning on the endocrine profiles in female buffalo calves.
The recent techniques and strategies for the use of sexed germ plasm, stem cells , automated heat detection devices, sex determination by lacer detection techniques,(LTD), and feeding of somatotropin (bST) hormone are some more which needs to be incorporated in such programs. However, use of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics will undoubtedly provide researchers with a greater understanding to enhance efficient reproductive process in animals. The other emerging assisted parameters will be the incorporation of zoo noses and public health aspect.

Jain G C

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